自学印地语介绍

The next seven consonants are 'retroflex': the tongue curls back to the palate (front part of the roof of the mouth), making a hard sound.

ट t.a As in 'try', but harder.
ठ t.ha Aspirated version of the above.
ड d.a As in 'dry', but harder.
  r.aThe tongue flicks past (rather than resting on)the retroflex position.
ढ d.ha Aspirated version of ड ja.

ढ़  rha Aspirated version of डra
ण naa An on' sound in the retroflex position .

The next five consonants are 'dental': the tongue touches the upper
(many speakers say 'ka' for both). teeth, making a soft sound.

त ta As the first 't' in 'at the', very soft
थ tha Aspirated version of the above
द da As in 'breadth', very soft.
ध dha Aspirated version of the above
न na As in 'anthology'.

'SONI DENTALCHAMBER:[FALS-]TEETHAND SPECTACLE-maker Ironically, the English word 'dental' is spelt with retroflex ड and टin this signboard, whereas the Hindi word दांत dat
  tooth' has two dentals!

Now we come to 'labials', consonants produced with the lips
प pa Much less aspiration than in 'pin'.
फ pha Aspirated version of the above
ब ba As in 'bun'.
भ bha Aspirated version of the above
म ma As in 'moon'.

Now for a sequence of four characters called 'semi-vowels';
य ya As in 'yes'.
र ra As in 'roll' - but lightly rolled
ल la As in 'lullaby', but softer, more dental.
व va Neither a buzzy sound as in 'visa', nor as
  rounded as in 'we', but  halfway between.

We're nearly done. Here are three 'sibilants':
श sha As 'sh' in 'ship'; pronounced's' in some regional accents.

ष shaa Strictly speaking a 'cerebral' (in which the tongue touches a high point in the roof of the mouth); but usually pronounced 'sh', the same as the previous character, श s'a. It occurs in loanwords from Sanskrit only
स sa as in sip and finally an aspirate:
ह ha as in help