发帖 回复
« 返回列表
«2223242526272829»
共53页
上一主题下一主题
  • 154274阅读
  • 529回复

4、压码看电影学习法系列贴：（多语言入门）字母表汇总
sunyuting1
级别: 管理员
只看该作者 240 发表于: 2010-02-09
Cypriot
Quick Facts
TypeSyllabic
GenealogyCretan
LocationEurope > Cyprus
Time1500 BCE to 300 BCE
DirectionLeft to Right
The island of Cyprus has been a focus of cross-cultural interaction for many millenia. Its name stems from the root as the English (as well as Latin and Greek) word 'copper'. However, Cyprus's ancient non-Greek, non-alphabetic inscriptions are of tremendous importance. While the earliest examples dating from as early as 1500 BCE cannot be read, comparisons clearly show that the Cypriot syllabary seemed to have derived from Linear A, and therefore is like a sibling to Linear B. For this reason, sometimes the script at this very early stage is called Cypro-Minoan, to distinguish it from the Cypriot script used for writing Greek after the 12th century BCE.
According to tradition, Greek settlers colonized Cyprus around the 12th century BCE, and they likely adopted the Cypro-Minoan script for their own use. Not surprisingly, the first readable text in the Cypriot script appeared in the 11th century BCE to write the name of the owner of a funerary object. Analysis of this name reveals both a known Greek name and archaic Greek declension patterns. The Cypriot script continued to serve mostly for short dedicatory and funerary texts, but there are instances of longer, historical texts during the 5th century BCE.
The Cypriot script persisted into Classical times, and coexisted with the Greek alphabet. During this time, inscriptions with texts in both the Cypriot script and the Greek alphabet were created, and these have led modern scholars to decipher the Cypriot script. The Cypriot script was finally abandoned only after extensive Hellenization by Alexander the Great.
The following chart is the entire inventory of Cypriot signs. All signs are syllabograms, meaning that they represent syllables instead of individual sounds. Note that j phonetically stands for [y].

In addition to syllabic signs, a small vertical sign is used to separate groups of signs in Cypriot. However this separator does not always fall on word boundaries. Often particles and other "small" parts of speech can be lumped in with nouns, and a few times verbs and nouns are lumped into single sign groups too.
Spelling Conventions
Like Linear B, Cypriot also does not have signs for all the sounds in the Greek language. For instance, the k- series of signs not only represent syllables starting with [k], but also [g] and [kh]. Similarly, p- signs stand for initial [p], , and [ph], and t- signs for initial [t], [d], and [th].
Once again, as in Linear B, all signs (except the vowel-only signs) in Cypriot represent syllables of the form CV, that is, consonant followed by a vowel. In order to represent syllables with initial consonant clusters (like CCV), ending consonant (CVC), or dipthongs (CVV), spelling conventions were used to override a syllabogram into either a consonant or part of a dipthong. However, whereas Linear B often omitted sounds in initial consonant clusters, ending consonants, and dipthongs, Cypriot more often than not writes out all sounds in a word.
In the case of syllable-initial consonant clusters, all consonants except the one nearest to the vowel are represented with CV signs whose vowels agree with the vowel of syllable. Similarly, syllable-ending consonants are also written with CV signs that agree with the vowel of the syllable. There are two exceptions to this rule, however. The first exception is that a nasal consonant such as [-n] and [-m] preceding another consonant is usually omitted. The second exception applies to word-ending consonants. In Greek, only the sounds [n], [r], and [s] can occur at the end of a word. So for these cases, the signs ne, re, and se are used to denote the word-final consonant. Dipthongs are always written out, with the vowel-only series of signs serving to represent the second part of the dipthong.

In the process of working on this page, I created a Cypriot font. You can download it by clicking on this link.
回复 引用
举报顶端
sunyuting1
级别: 管理员
只看该作者 241 发表于: 2010-02-09
Devanagari
Quick Facts
TypeSyllabic Alphabetic
GenealogyBrahmi
LocationSouth Asia
Time12th century CE to Present
DirectionLeft to Right
Even though a descendent of the Brahmi script, Devanagari has evolved into a highly cursive script. Many languages in India, such as Hindi and Sanskrit, use Devanagari and many more languages throughout India use local variants of this script.
Hindu scriptures are written in Devanagari, a fact illustrated by the etymology of the name. "Devanagari" is a compound word with two roots: deva means "deity", and nagari means "city". Together it implies a script that is both religious as well as urbane or sophisticated.

As you look at the following alphabet please keep in mind the following special symbols of transcription. I kept the traditional phonetic transcription for Sanskrit / Devanagari, rather than using IPA or American phonetic symbols. Note that in order to see the special letters, you'll need an Unicode font on your computer.
  • ā, ī, ū are longer version of the /a/, /i/, and /u/.
  • ṛ ḷ are called "syllabic liquids", and are like /r/ and /l/ but used like vowels. Once again, a bar above each indicates a longer vowel.
  • ạm: nasalized /a/.
  • ạh: is pronounced with /a/ first followed by a puff of air.
  • ṅ is really a velar nasal, like the end of the English word "sing".
  • ñ is the same as it is in Spanish: a palatal nasal.
  • ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh are retroflex versions of /t th d dh/
  • ṇ is a retroflex nasal.
  • In fact, except for syllabic /r/ and /l/, any consonant with a dot underneath it is retroflex.
  • h following a consonant aspirates that consonant. So /th/ is a /t/ with a puff of air.
  • v sometimes is [w], as in "war", and sometimes closer to [v].
  • ś is a palatal 's', similar to /sh/ in the English word 'share'.
  • ṣ is like /s/ but with your tongue curled back as if pronouncing /r/.
Also you can look at Phonetics for more information.
The following is the basic Devanagari alphabet:

A letter in Devanagari has the default vowel of /a/. To indicate the same consonant followed by another vowel, additional strokes are added to the letter, like in the follwing example:

In addition, a few other "diacritics" are used at the end of words. To denote the nasal [-am], a dot is placed above the letter, much like the /am/ letter. Similary, to write [-ah], two dots are written to the right of the letter, like the /ah/ letter.

When a consonant ends a word, it is necessary to indicated that the last letter has no vowel. To do so, a diagonal line, called virama, is drawn under the letter. Letters with the virama are called halanta letters.

To indicate just the consonant clusters, the letters are fused together in a variety of ways, a process called samyoga (meaning "yoked together" in Sanskrit). Sometimes the individual letters can still be discerned, while other times the conjunction creates new shapes. The range of possibilites is quite high, and I will only give brief examples to illustrate the concept.

Related Links
回复 引用
举报顶端
sunyuting1
级别: 管理员
只看该作者 242 发表于: 2010-02-09
Ethiopic
Quick Facts
TypeSyllabic
GenealogyProto-Sinaitic > South Arabian
LocationAfrica > Ethiopia, Eritrea
Time4th century CE to Present
DirectionRight to Left
The elegant Ethiopic script is another interesting story in the family tree of Proto-Sinaitic script. Ethiopic is an offshoot of the #a @s_arabian# script, as shown by similarities in the forms of the letters, and in the order of the letters. In fact, the earliest inscriptions in Ethiopia were in the South Arabian script. However, by around the 4th century CE, a new feature was developed that distinguished it from South Arabian. Vowels were "written" by adding strokes to the consonant following somewhat regular patterns. In a way, this is very similar to Brahmi-derived scripts. Some scholars have in fact proposed that Ethiopic's vowel marking system was originated from Indian influence, but it is equally likely that the system was developed in situ especially since many other Semitic scripts were already experimenting with marking vowels.
Another feature that distinguishes Ethiopic from other Proto-Sinaitic-derived scripts is that it is written from left to right rather than right to left in Hebrew and Arabic. Ethiopic originally followed the right-to-left convention of Semitic scripts, but it switched to a left-to-right direction under influence from Greek.
The Ethiopic script was used for the liturgical language Ge'ez as well as modern languages like Amharic (the official language of Ethiopia), Tigre, Tigrinya, and other languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea. The "Classic" Ethiopic script was tailored for the Ge'ez language, and so many new signs have been derived for modern languages.
The following is the basic sign inventory of the Ethiopic script as originally used for the Ge'ez language. Each sign is a syllable (consonant plus vowel), except any sign on the sixth column (ə) represents either the consonant plus the middle central vowel /ə/ or no vowel at all (in which case it is used as a pure consonant in a consonant cluster).

In addition to the basic signs, there are four series of derived signs to represent labialized velar consonants. These are velar sounds like /k/, /g/, /q/, and /h/ that are pronounced with the lips rounded regardless of the vowel.

The modern language of Amharic adapted the Classic Ethiopic script for its written form, but a few letters have been derived from existing letters to denote sounds not found in Ge'ez.

Copyright © 1996-2010, Lawrence Lo. All Rights Reserved
回复 引用
举报顶端
sunyuting1
级别: 管理员
只看该作者 243 发表于: 2010-02-09
Grantha
Quick Facts
TypeSyllabic Alphabetic
GenealogyBrahmi
LocationSouth Asia
Time6th to 12th century CE
DirectionLeft to Right
The Grantha script is one of the earliest Southern script to emerge from the Brahmi script. It further evolved to the Malayalam script. It also greatly influenced the Tamil and Sinhala scripts.
The following is the basic Grantha script.

A variant of the Grantha script called the Pallava script (as it was used in the ancient Pallava kingdom of southern India) was taken by Indian merchants to Indonesia where it became the Kawi which would eventually blossom into many varieties of scripts in Insular Southeast Asia.
回复 引用
举报顶端
sunyuting1
级别: 管理员
只看该作者 244 发表于: 2010-02-09
Gujarati
Quick Facts
TypeSyllabic Alphabetic
GenealogyBrahmi
LocationSouth Asia
Time16th century CE to Present
DirectionLeft to Right
The Gujarati script is one of the modern scripts of India, and is derived from the Devanagari script during the 16th century CE. The major difference between Gujarati and Devanagari is the lack of the top horizontal bar in Gujarati. Otherwise the two scripts are fairly similar. The Gujarati script is used in the state of Gujarat in western India to write the Gujarati language.
The basic signs of the Gujarati script.

Like other South Asian scripts, vowels other than the inherent /a/ are expressed by adding strokes to the basic letter, as in the following chart.

Related Links
回复 引用
举报顶端
sunyuting1
级别: 管理员
只看该作者 245 发表于: 2010-02-09
Gupta
Quick Facts
TypeSyllabic Alphabetic
GenealogyBrahmi
LocationSouth Asia
Time4th century CE to 8th century CE
DirectionLeft to Right
The Gupta script is derived from the Brahmi and belongs to the Northern Indian group of scripts. Its appearance roughly coincided with the rise of the Gupta dynasty in early 4th century CE. The Gupta script outlasted its namesake political entity (which fell in the 6th century CE after the invasion of the Huns) and continued to evolve over the next few centuries until by the 8th century several different variants, such as Nagari and Sarada, appeared in Northern India. These descendent scripts will continue to evolve into the modern scripts of Northern India.
The following is the basic Gupta script.

For what the special phonetic symbols mean, please visit the Devanagari page for explanation.
Related Links
回复 引用
举报顶端
sunyuting1
级别: 管理员
只看该作者 246 发表于: 2010-02-09
Gurmukhi
Quick Facts
TypeSyllabic Alphabetic
GenealogyBrahmi
LocationSouth Asia
Time16th century CE to Present
DirectionLeft to Right
The Gurmukhi script is tightly associated with the Sikh religion, as the words guru-mukhî literally mean "from the mouth of the guru". It was created in the 16th century CE by the second Sikh guru, Guru Angad, to write the Punjabi language. Stylistically, Gurmukhi derives its letter shapes from Landa, but considerable influence from Nagari is evident from the top horizontal bar present in most letters.
Punjabi has three tones, but they are not represented in the writing system except for sporadic use of the ha letter (reduced to a subscript) to indicate a high tone.

Vowels and other attachments:

Related Links
回复 引用
举报顶端
sunyuting1
级别: 管理员
只看该作者 247 发表于: 2010-02-09
hPhags-pa
Quick Facts
TypeSyllabic Alphabetic
GenealogyBrahmi
LocationEast Asia
Time1269 to 1352 CE
DirectionLeft to Right
The hPhags-pa script was created under the order of Khubilai, the Great Khan of the Mongols, as an official and universal script for his vast empire that stretched from China to Russia and crossed ethnic and cultural borders. The script already employed to write Mongolian at that time was originally borrowed from the script used to write Uighur, a Turkic language, and did not fit well phonetically with Mongolian. Therefore, in 1269 CE, the Khan charged his personal lama, Matidhvaja Sribhadra, also known as hPhags-pa Lama, to create a script to replace the existing Mongolian script. Since hPhags-pa Lama was Tibetan, he created a new script based on his native Tibetan script, but he also borrowed some elements from Mongolian as well.
Visually, the letters of the hPhags-pa script appear very rectangular, hence the origin of one of its names, dörbeljin üsüg, meaning "square script" in Mongolian. However, a comparison with Tibetan reveals that the letters are essentially more angular versions of Tibetan scripts.
Like Tibetan, the hPhags-pa script is a syllabic alphabet. The basic hPhags-pa letter represents a consonant plus the vowel /a/. The only exception is the letter used to write the first syllable in vowel-initial words, as it does not have an initial consonant and only denotes only the single sound /a/. The following chart illustrates the basic letters in the hPhags-pa script.

To write a syllable with a vowel other than /a/, an extra sign is written after the basic sign. The following are the vowel markers.

However, as the vowel markers were directly borrowed from Tibetan, they lacked two sounds found in Mongolian, namely /ö/ and /ü/. To represent these sounds, two vowel markers are used. The sound /ö/ is written as eo, and /ü/ is written as eu.
Another characteristic borrowed from the Mongolian script is that the hPhags-pa script is written in vertical columns, which are read from left to right.
While originally designed to replace the Mongolian script, Khubilai Khan decided to make it into the universal script of the Mongol Empire. However, even though it became the official script of the Mongolian Empire and therefore all state business and affairs were written in this script, few adopted it as an everyday script outside the bureaucracy. A few examples of the hPhags-pa used to write Mongolian, Chinese, Sanskrit, and Tibetan have been found, but for the most part people continued to use the script they knew best. As the Mongolian Empire fractured, so did the hPhags-pa script cease to be used. From conception to demise, the hPhags-pa script lasted no more than 100 years.
回复 引用
举报顶端
sunyuting1
级别: 管理员
只看该作者 248 发表于: 2010-02-09
Javanese
Quick Facts
TypeSyllabic Alphabetic
GenealogyBrahmi
LocationSoutheast Asia > Indonesia
Time13th century CE to Present
DirectionLeft to Right
Javanese is one of the earliest languages in Indonesia to possess a literary tradition. As a result of contact with Indian merchants, speakers of Javanese adapted the Pallava script, a variant of the Brahmi script, during the 4th centruy CE to write their own language. By the 8th century CE, this Indian prototype has evolved into a distinctive script known as the Kawi script. The transition from Kawi into Javanese during the 13th century BCE was more stylistic than structural. Only the visual composition of the script changed. The way the script worked remained unchanged.
Like other Brahmi-derived scripts, the Javanese script is a syllabic alphabet. Each "letter" in reality represent a consonant followed by a standard vowel, /a/ in Javanese's case. A letter of this type is called an aksara. The following is the chart of the basic aksaras in the modern Javanese script.

In addition, a small set of letters called aksara murda or aksara gedhe is used to write titles and names of respectable people. In such cases, aksara murda letters will replace all regular aksara letters that have corresponding murda letters. Aksara murda letters originated from letters borrowed from Pallava to represent sounds found in Indian languages but not in Javanese, and so they evolved to become honorific variants. The aksara murda letters are in the following chart:

In order to change the inherent vowel of /a/ to some other vowel, extra strokes called sandangan are written next to the letter. Often grouped with the sandangan but serves a different function is the patèn, which actually mutes the vowel so that the letter only stands for its consonant.

Initial vowels are usually written with the ha letter followed by the sandangan marks. However, there is also an optional set of letters called aksara swara used to write initial vowels without sandangan.

The patèn is one of the two ways to suppress the inherent vowel in a letter. Another way is an alternate set of letters called pasangan. which when juxtaposed to an aksara letter will result in a consonant cluster where the aksara letter stands for the first consonant and the pasangan the second in the cluster. The following is the "regular" pasangan letters.

Just like aksara letters, the pasangan letters contain a "regular" set and a murda set. The following are the pasangan murda letters.

The images on this page was created with the Javanese font from Jason Glavy that can be downloaded from http://www.geocities.com/jglavy/asian.html.
回复 引用
举报顶端
sunyuting1
级别: 管理员
只看该作者 249 发表于: 2010-02-09
Kadamba
Quick Facts
TypeSyllabic Alphabetic
GenealogyBrahmi
LocationSouth Asia
Time5th to 10th century CE
DirectionLeft to Right
The Kadambda script is one of the early Southern group of South Asian scripts. It evolved from the Brahmi script and became stylistically different from other Brahmi variants by the 5th century CE. It was used roughly in what is nowadays the modern states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh in southern India. By the 10th century CE it has involved into the Old Kannada script which was used to write the Kannada and Telugu languages.
The following is the basic Kadamba script.

Copyright © 1996-2010, Lawrence Lo. All Rights Reserved
回复 引用
举报顶端
发帖 回复
« 返回列表
«2223242526272829»
共53页
上一主题下一主题
描述
快速回复
您目前还是游客，请 登录 或 注册