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4、压码看电影学习法系列贴：（多语言入门）字母表汇总
sunyuting1
级别: 管理员
只看该作者 260 发表于: 2010-02-09
Meithei Mayek
Quick Facts
TypeSyllabic Alphabetic
GenealogyBrahmi
LocationSouth Asia > India
Time11th to 18th century CE
DirectionLeft to Right
The Meithei language is the predominant language of the eastern Indian state of Manipur as well as parts of Myanmar (Burma). From the 11th century onward, it was written with a distinctive syllabic alphabet called Meithei Mayek. Despite its close proximity to Indic scripts such as Bengali, Meithei Mayek actually shares more commonalities with Tibetan, which you will see below.
The following is the basic letters of Meithei Mayek. As it is a syllabic alphabet, each letter carries an inherent vowel, which is /ə/ in Meithei's case.

In order to represent a vowel other than /ə/, Meithei Mayek follows other Brahmi-derived scripts by adding diacritical marks around the letter to modify the inherent vowel. One notable difference with Indic scripts but similarity with Tibetan is how vowels at the beginning of words are represented. In Indic scripts, there is a different letter for each word-initial vowel. However, in Meithei, there is a single letter to denote word-initial vowel, and diacritical marks are added to it to change it into another vowel.

Note that there are seemingly two letters for /i/ and also two for /u/. In reality, they represent the sounds /i/ and /u/ in two different tones. Meithei is a Tibeto-Burman language and has tones typical of many languages in that family. However, the representation of tones in the Meithei script is not complete. Tones are denoted only in a few cases (such as this), and often disambiguation of which tone is intended can only be achieved by context of the sentence.
The Meithei Mayek ceased to be the writing system for the Meithei language in the 18th century CE. Instead, the Bengali script was adopted as Meithei's writing system.
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sunyuting1
级别: 管理员
只看该作者 261 发表于: 2010-02-09
Meroïtic
Quick Facts
TypeSyllabic
GenealogyEgyptian
LocationAfrica
Time2th century BCE to 5th century CE
DirectionVariable
The Meroïtic script was used in the Kingdom of Kush, from the 2nd century BCE onwards until the 5th century CE, in an area of the Nile Valley stretching from Philae in Nubia to near Khartoum in Sudan. The form of this script was borrowed from Egyptian, but the way the system worked was quite different.
There are two major scriptal traditions, the hieroglyphic and the cursive. The hieroglyphic signs were written in columns from top to bottom, and appear all most exclusively on monuments. The cursive style flows usually in horizontal lines from right to left. For both cases signs read in the direction which the figures face (ie if the sign that looks like a bull faces right, then you start from the right and goes left).
A glance at the phonetic values of the signs indicates some strange mixture of alphabetic and syllabic signs. In reality this system was really a minimalistic syllabary much like Old Persian. The signs that appear to stand for consonantal sounds are really combinations of that consonant plus the vowel 'a'. However, these same signs changes to be purely consonantal if followed by vowels 'i', 'e', or 'o'. Furthermore, the glyph for 'a' was used only in the beginning of words (where a syllabic 'a' might occur). In addition, to represent a simple consonant sound unattached by any vowel, the symbol for for 'e' was written after the consonantal sign to indicate the lack of the default vowel 'a' following the consonant.

The main impetus behind deciphering Meroïtic was done by the English scholar Francis Llewellyn Griffith (1862-1934). He worked out the phonetic value of the signs by comparing proper names on texts in Meroïtic and Egyptian. However, scholars can read, but cannot understand what the texts mean, because the problem is that the Meroïtic language is an isolate as far as linguists know. It has no known relatives, and the meaning of its words and its grammatical structure remain relatively obscure, therefore so impeding attempts at reading of the texts.
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sunyuting1
级别: 管理员
只看该作者 262 发表于: 2010-02-09
Modi
Quick Facts
TypeSyllabic Alphabetic
GenealogyBrahmi
LocationSouth Asia
Time17th to 20th century CE
DirectionLeft to Right
The Modi script was used to write the Marathi language spoken in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It originated as a cursive variant of the script during the 17th century CE. Modi was used until the 1950's when Devanagari replaced it as the written medium of the Marathi language.
The following is the basic Modi script.

Typical of South Asian scripts, a "consonant" Modi letter is in fact the consonant followed by the inherent vowel /a/. To represent a vowel other than /a/, additional strokes called matras are added to the basic letter.
Usually the same stroke form is used for the same vowel across all letters of the script, but in the case of Modi (and a few other South Asian scripts as well) different stroke forms exist to represent the same vowel in different letters. In the following example you can see how the vowels /a:/ and /u/ have different stroke forms for the letters /k/, /c/, and /gh/.

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sunyuting1
级别: 管理员
只看该作者 263 发表于: 2010-02-09
Nagari
Quick Facts
TypeSyllabic Alphabetic
GenealogyBrahmi
LocationSouth Asia
Time8th to 11th century CE
DirectionLeft to Right
The Nagari script is essentially an early form of the Devanagari script, which is still used in modern Indian. It appeared around the 8th century CE as an eastern variant of the Gupta script (whereas Sarada was the western variety). In turn it branched off into several scripts (in addition to Devanagari), such as Nandinagari, Bengali, and Tibetan, as well as influenced the Sarada-derived Gurmukhi script.
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sunyuting1
级别: 管理员
只看该作者 264 发表于: 2010-02-09
Old Persian
Quick Facts
TypeSyllabic
GenealogyCuneiform
LocationWest Asia > Persia
Time550 BCE to 400 BCE
DirectionVariable
The first Persian Empire of the Achaemenid dynasty rose to power in the middle of the 6th century BCE and quickly conquered an area that stretched from Mesopotamia to Afghanistan. Early in the history of the dynasty, a syllabic script to write the Old Persian language was developed. This script was not a direct descendent of the Sumerian and Akkadian systems, because even though the physical appearance of Old Persian signs are Cuneiform, or in the shape of wedges, the actual shape of the signs do not correspond to signs in older systems with similar phonetic values. Old Persian only kept the cuneiform appearance of its characters simply out of tradition, and the actual shape of the signs were completely original.
The Old Persian "syllabary" is somewhat of a misnomer, in that it also contains some logograms. However, since the majority of signs are syllabograms, Old Persian is classified as a syllabic script. It is also a very skeletal syllabary, in that sounds like /pu/ do not have independent signs but instead must be written with the signs pa and u. Also, single consonant that form part of a consonant cluster or the end of a syllable are also written with syllabograms with the /a/ vowel. So, in such cases, the syllabogram that contains the vowel /a/ drop its vowel value and in effect becomes a consonant.

Note that the symbol /ç/ is the traditional transcription of the sound [̣s], or apico-palatal voiceless fricative, much like /ch/ in German "ich".
These are the logograms used in Old Persian:

And these are numbers in Old Persian:

Also, a slanted vertical wedge is used as the separator between words, as illustrated in the following example:

The example translates as "I, Cyrus the king, an Achaemenid". The word separators are in purple. Syllabograms that are used only for their consonantal values have their vowels placed between parentheses, such as in the sign sequence r(i)-u that writes out the sound /ru/, and in the ending consonant /m/ in adam.
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sunyuting1
级别: 管理员
只看该作者 265 发表于: 2010-02-09
Old Kannada
Quick Facts
TypeSyllabic Alphabetic
GenealogyBrahmi
LocationSouth Asia
Time10th to 18th century CE
DirectionLeft to Right
The Old Kannada is essentially the continuation of the Kadamba script. It is used to write South Indian languages of Kannada and Telugu. In fact, Old Kannada is also known as the Kannada-Telugu script.
Differentiation of the Old Kannada script into the modern scripts of Kannada and Telugu began as early as the 13th century CE, but the process did not finish until the early 19th century CE with the arrival of printing. Even so, Telugu and Kannada scripts have remained extremely similar.
The following is the Old Kannada script.

Note: Old Kannada is also known as Old Kanarese.
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sunyuting1
级别: 管理员
只看该作者 266 发表于: 2010-02-09
Oriya
Quick Facts
TypeSyllabic Alphabetic
GenealogyBrahmi
LocationSouth Asia
Time12th century CE to Present
DirectionLeft to Right
The Oriya script developed from an early form of the Bengali script, which belongs to the Northern group of South Asian scripts. Oriya is used to write the Oriya language, which is spoken in the modern Indian state of Orissa, located on the east coast of India. While the cursive shape of the Oriya letters appear to suggest influences from Southern scripts, it is thought that the cursive shape evolved from the need to write on palm leaves with a pointed stylus.
The basic signs of the Oriya script.

As in other South Asian scripts, vowels other than the default /a/ are indicated by extra strokes:

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sunyuting1
级别: 管理员
只看该作者 267 发表于: 2010-02-09
Rejang
Quick Facts
TypeSyllabic Alphabetic
GenealogyBrahmi
LocationSoutheast Asia > Indonesia
Time18th century CE to Present
DirectionLeft to Right
The Rejang script (also spelled Redjang) is a syllabic alphabet used primarily in southern Sumatra to write the Rejang language. It is also called Ka-ga-nga after the names of the first letter of the script. The Rejang script is thought to derive from the ancient Kawi script of Java, which in turn ultimately derived from the Brahmi script of ancient India.
The following chart lists all the letters in the Rejang script. All letters have a inherent vowel of /a/.

Like other Brahmi-derived scripts, small strokes called vowel diacritics are added to the sign in order to change the vowel of the sign. Indication of absence of vowel is also achieved via a diacritical mark (called virama in Indic scripts).

While there are roughly 200,000 speakers of the Rejang language, only a very small segment of the population has knowledge of the Rejang script. More so, the script is used primarily for personal use such as letters, love songs, magical incantations, family histories, etc. It is not employed for any form of official or governmental use, not even any cultural use on a larger scale. As a consequence, the script is moribund, and in the not too distant future the Rejang script will likely cease to be a living writing system.
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sunyuting1
级别: 管理员
只看该作者 268 发表于: 2010-02-09
Sarada
Quick Facts
TypeSyllabic Alphabetic
GenealogyBrahmi
LocationSouth Asia
Time8th century CE to 14th century CE
DirectionLeft to Right
Between the 8th and 10th century CE, a Western variant of the Gupta script evolved into the Sarada script. Sarada is used mainly in Kashmir from the 8th century CE onwards, and evolved into several variants in a few centuries. By the 10th century, the first variant, the Landa script, has appeared in Punjab, and would eventually transform into the Gurmukhi script. And by the 14th century CE, other variants such as Kashmiri and Takri also appeared in the Kashmir region.
The following is the basic Sarada alphabet from the 9th century CE.

Note: Sarada is also alternatively known as Sharada, Sarda, and Sharda.


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sunyuting1
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South Asian Writing Systems
Quick Facts
TypeSyllabic Alphabetic
GenealogyBrahmi
LocationSouth Asia
Time5th century BCE to Present
DirectionLeft to Right
South Asia is an area with diverse cultural heritages. Geographically, it encompasses the modern day countries of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bhutan. Empires, religions, literature, sciences all flourish throughout its long history, and it is no surprise that South Asia's writing tradition reaches deep in time.
Writing first appeared in South Asia during the 3rd millenium BCE in the Indus river valley, but disappeared from the archaeological record by the 2nd millenium BCE. No other evidence of writing exists until 500 BCE when a new, distinctive type of writing system appeared in South Asia. By the 3rd century BCE, the two sister scripts of Kharosthi and Brahmi were inscribed in stones throughout the Maurya dynasty (which encompasses nearly all area of modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh). Both scripts already exhibit the unique features of a "syllabic alphabet", where a consonant letter carries a default or "inherent" vowel. To modify the vowel following the consonant, strokes called matras are added to the letter.
While Kharosthi disappeared around the 3th century CE, Brahmi evolved and branched off to become all scripts in South Asia. In general, Brahmi-derived scripts are divided into two broad groups, namely Northern and Southern groups. However, this division can be quite blurry as the scripts influence each other due to proximity and movement of people.
The Northern group includes ancient scripts such as Gupta, Nagari, and Sarada, as well as modern scripts like Devanagari, Bengali, Gurmukhi, and Oriya. The Southern group includes ancient scripts such as Grantha, Kadamba, and Kalinga, and modern scripts such as Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada, Telugu, and Sinhala.

To see a comparison of letters from different South Asian scripts, go to South Asian Writing Systems Comparison.
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