4、压码看电影学习法系列贴：（多语言入门）字母表汇总

Alternative spelling systems
These writing / spelling systems are alternative ways of writing English and other languages. Most are designed to make it easier to learn how to write English.

Benjamin Franklin's Phonetic Alphabet
 Notable features

•   aa = [ a: ] and ii = [ i: ].
•  : ê,  mane and lane.
•  ch in chew and the j in jaw.

Franklin's Phonetic Alphabet

Sample text

Transliteration
Much as the imperfections of the alphabet will admit of; the present bad spelling is only bad because contrary to the present bad rules: under the new rules it would be good -- the difficulty of learning to spell well in the old way is so great, that few attain it; thousands and thousands writing on to old age, without ever being able to acquire it. 'Tis, besides a difficulty continually increasing; as the sound gradually varies more and more from the spelling: and to foreigners.
Links
Benjamin Franklin's description of his alphabet
http://www.historycarper.com/resources/twobf3/phonetic.htm
Further details of Benjamin Franklin's alphabet
http://www.childrenofthecode.org/code-history/franklin.htm
http://www.foolswisdom.com/~sbett/franklin-webster.htm

Interbet
  Russia. Latin 、Cyrillic letters,  
Notable features
 Interbet alphabet

The name Interbet comes from International Alphabet. The names of letters in Interbet are mostly based on the ancient Phoenician and Greek alphabets, as well as the letters of the other alphabets and on some practical names, traditional for linguists: with some changes, according to the principles of distinctivity from the other names, euphony and connection with a prototype
Sample text in Russian

Translation
Vitaly Vetash, an artist and a linguist, is the author of the universal phonematic alphabet Interbet. He created it having worked from 1977 to 1999.
Sample text in English

Transliteration
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
The main question during the creation of Interbet was to determine the number and the set of the letters, which would be enough and aesthetically perfect. Besides the letters represented here on the picture, the author also created many possible variants of the letters, which you can see in the PDF article, where the problem of the international writing and this project are considered in detail.
Download an Interbet font (TrueType, 44K)
Further details of Interbet
http://www.astrolingua.spb.ru/ENGLISH/inter_eng.htm
The author would be glad to receive comments from linguists and designers of scripts which deal with the problem of the international writing. You can contact Vitaly Vetash at semiravet@yandex.ru
Also by Vitaly Vetash
Colorbet
Other phonetic/universal scripts

Quikscript / Read  Alphabet   
Origin
Quikscript was created by Kingsley Read, who also created the Shavian alphabet. Read noticed various problems with the Shavian alphabet and decided to produce a new alphabet which addressed these problems. His new creation proved popular with Shavian enthusiasts.
Notable features

• There is no case in Quickscript. Proper names are distinguished by a preceding namer dot.
• There are two written forms of Quickscript: Junior and Senior. The letters in Junior Quickscript are mostly unconnected, with the exception of a few common dipthongs. Senior Quickscript is the semi-cursive "official" form of Quickscript: many letters have alternate forms which allow words to be handwritten with fewer lifts of the pen.
• Many common words and suffixes are abbreviated to save on overall length. For example, "and" is written with a single [n] character, and "-ed" with only the [d] character.
• Numbers and punctuation are largely the same as in standard written English.

Quikscript/Read Alphabet

Sample text (Junior Quikscript, no abbreviations)

Sample text (Junior Quikscript with abbreviations)

Sample text (Senior Quikscript)

'Translation'
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Longer sample text (Tower of Babel)
Text samples and notable features provided by Oliver langan
Links
Quikscript fonts are available from the following news group, which you have to join in order to download them: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Read_Alphabet/
Free Quikscript font
http://home.earthlink.net/~sbartok1632/quik/qprojects/qfonts.htm
Information about Quikscript
http://quickscript.teraiten.vze.com
http://home.earthlink.net/~sbartok1632/quik/quik.htm
Quickscript official manual (PDF)
http://home.wanadoo.nl/uln/quickscript/quikscriptmanual.pdf
Other alternative writing systems
Blissymbolics, Deseret, Graffiti, Interbet, Quikscript/Read Alphabet, Shavian, Shorthand, Solresol

Shavian Alphabet   
Origin
The Shavian alphabet is named after George Bernard Shaw and was devised by Kingsley Read. Shaw saw use of the Latin alphabet for writing English as a great waste of time, energy and paper, so in his will he stipulated that a competition should be held to create a new writing system for English and made provision for a prize of £500. The competition took place in 1958 and Kingsley Read's system was chosen as the winner out of the 467 entries.
Shaw's will also stipulated that his play Androcles and the Lion should be printed in the winning alphabet. Few other texts were printed and the alphabet, which became known as Shavian, was never seriously considered as an alternative for writing English.
Notable features

• There are three types of letters - tall, deep and short. Tall letters are the equivalent of ascenders in the Latin alphabet (e.g. b, d, f, h), deep letters are the equivalent of descenders (e.g. p, g, j, y) and short letters are all the same height, like the letters a, c, e and i.
• Consonant letters come in pairs, with the tall one representing an unvoiced consonant and the deep one representing a voiced consonant. The letters for l, r, m and n are the exceptions to this pattern.
• Vowel letter are all, with only one exception, short. Some come in pairs, others don't
• There are no capital letters, although a 'namer dot' is used to mark proper names.

The Shavian alphabet

Sample text in Shavian

Translation
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Links
Free Shavian fonts
http://www.demeyere.com/Shavian/info.html
http://www.30below.com/~ethanl/fonts.html
http://www.wazu.jp/gallery/Fonts_Shavian.html
Information about the Shavian Alphabet
http://members.aol.com/RSRICHMOND/shavian.html
http://www.foolswisdom.com/~sbett/shavian-short.html
Shavian Forum
http://shavian.org/hugh/ikonboard/ikonboard.cgi
Other alternative writing systems
Blissymbolics, Deseret, Graffiti, Interbet, Quikscript/Read Alphabet, Shavian, Shorthand, Solresol
UK Translation Services | UK Language Schools

Simpel-Fonetik Spelling
by Allan Kiisk
   Simpel-Fonetik alphabet 

New letters: Ä,ä, Ö,ö. Letters not used: C, Q, X, Y. Total: 24 letters.
* IPA is the abbreviation for International Phonetic Alphabet.
sample 
This is interesting: No federal government order or effort so far for ending the helter-skelter spelling. Don't beg or long for it. It's hard for the big gorilla tu start implementing spelling dogma. It wil linger, limp, loiter, swing from pillar tu post . . .
As you may have noticed, this sample has only two changes: tu in place of to and wil in place of will. It illustrates that Simpel-Fonetik will not change the words that are presently spelled phonetically, based on single sound per letter.
Here is a another sample, shown first in present writing:
When you read Simpel-Fonetik words, you must pay attention to each letter. Remember: Each letter has always the same sound, the sound given in the Simpel-Fonetik alphabet, regardless what letter is next to it.
And here it is re-written in Simpel-Fonetik:
Wen ju riid Simpel-Fonetik wörds, ju mast pei ätenshön tu iitsh leter. Rimember: Iitsh leter häs oolweis the seim saund, the saund given in the Simpel-Fonetik alfabet, rigardles wat leter is nekst tu it.
The selection of the letters for the Simpel-Fonetik writing depends on pronunciation. In present English, the writing often does not tell you how to pronounce the word. That has resulted in different pronunciations in different regions or countries. Each pronunciation results in a different spelling in Simpel-Fonetik. Which one should be used? Some standardization procedure will be required. Simpel-Fonetik will fix the multiple pronunciations problem.
 
Other articles

Pitman Initial Teaching Alphabet (i.t.a.)
The Pitman Initial Teaching Alphabet (i.t.a.) was invented by Sir James Pitman, grandson of the inventor of Pitman shorthand. It was first used in a number of British schools in 1961 and soon spread to the USA and Australia.
It is designed to make it easier for English-speaking children to learn to read English. The idea is that children first learn to read using the i.t.a. then are introduced to standard English orthography at the age of seven. Opinions vary on the efficacy of the i.t.a. and it never became a mainstream teaching tool.
The main problems of using the i.t.a. include the fact that it is based on Received Pronunciation, so people with other accents find it difficult to decipher; the lack of written materials, and the transition to the traditional orthography, which some children found difficult.
Notable features

• The i.t.a. consists of 42 letters, 24 standard lowercase Latin letters plus a number of special letters, most of which are modified Latin letters.
• Each letter represents to a single phoneme.
• Some of the phonemes represented by digraphs in the traditional orthography are represented by ligatures in the i.t.a.

Pitman i.t.a.

Links
I.T.A. Foundation - an organisation which promotes the use of the i.t.a.
http://www.itafoundation.org/
i.t.a. - the advantages and disadvantages of the Initial Teaching Alphabet
http://www.foolswisdom.com/~sbett/ita-eval.htm
BBC News article on the i.t.a.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1523708.stm
Other phonetic/phonemic alphabets
Benjamin Franklin's Phonetic Alphabet, Dialectal Paleotype, International Phonetic Alphabet, Pitman Initial Teaching Alphabet, Unifon, Visible Speech

Unifon alphabet  
The Unifon alphabet is an alternative way of writing English based on the principle of one letter per phoneme. The name means "one sound". It was created by John Malone in the 1950s when he was working for the Bendix Corporation. He was assigned the task of creating an international phonetic alphabet for use with the airlines. This came to nothing as the airlines adopted English as their standard language.
Unifon was later found to be useful as a transitory alphabet to help children to learn to read English. Once they became proficient with Unifon, they would be introduced to the regular English alphabet and all the irregular spellings. Unifon could also be used as a pronunciation key in English dictionaries. Unifon has few supporters and is not widely used.

Sample text in Unifon

Translation
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Links
Information about the Unifon alphabet (includes Unifon fonts)
http://www.unifon.org
http://www.foolswisdom.com/~sbett/unifon-luvit.htm
The Unifon Alphabet Reader - Original Stories by Neil Stewart
http://www.dlstewart.com/neil/
Other phonetic alphabets
Benjamin Franklin's Phonetic Alphabet, Dialectal Paleotype, International Phonetic Alphabet, Pitman Initial Teaching Alphabet, Unifon, Visible Speech

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
Origin
The IPA was first published in 1888 by the Association Phonétique Internationale (International Phonetic Association), a group of French language teachers founded by Paul Passy. The aim of the organisation was to devise a system for transcribing the sounds of speech which was independent of any particular language and applicable to all languages.
A phonetic script for English created in 1847 by Isaac Pitman and Henry Ellis was used as a model for the IPA.
Uses

• The IPA is used in dictionaries to indicate the pronunciation of words.
• The IPA has often been used as a basis for creating new writing systems for previously unwritten languages.
• The IPA is used in some foreign language text books and phrase books to transcribe the sounds of languages which are written with non-latin alphabets. It is also used by non-native speakers of English when learning to speak English.

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one on the right represents a voiced consonant, while the one on the left is unvoiced. Shaded areas denote articulations judged to be impossible.



Download an Excel spreadsheet containing the IPA
How the sounds of English are represented by the IPA
 Recommended books about phonetics and phonology
Links
IPA, International Phonetic Association
http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA
Free IPA fonts
http://www.sil.org/computing/fonts/encore-ipa.html
http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/fonts.htm
http://babel.uoregon.edu/yamada/fonts/phonetic.html
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Chart Unicode "Keyboard"
http://www.linguiste.org/phonetics/ipa/chart/keyboard/
IPA charts in Unicode
http://www.ipa.webstuff.org
Online phonetics and phonology lessons
http://www.unil.ch/ling/page30184.html
http://www.unil.ch/ling/page12580.html (en français)
http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/linguistics/russell/138/course.htm
http://www.uiowa.edu/ acadtech/phonetics/
UCLA Phonetics Lab Data
http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu
Interactive IPA charts (include recordings of each phoneme)
http://www.paulmeier.com/ipa/charts.html
http://www.shef.ac.uk/ipa/symbols.php
IPA trainer
http://www.ipatrainer.com
Representation of IPA with ASCII
http://www.blahedo.org/ascii-ipa.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-SAMPA
Other phonetic alphabets

Visible Speech   
Origins
Visible Speech is a writing system invented in 1867 by Alexander Melville Bell, father of Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone. Melville Bell was a teacher of the deaf and intended his writing system to help deaf students learn spoken language.
Visible Speech was also the first notation system for the sounds of speech independent of a particular language or dialect and was widely used to teaching students how to speak with a "standard" accent.
Visible Speech symbols are intended to provide visual representations of the positions the organs of speech need to be in to articulate individual sounds. Once the underlying principles are understood it is apparently fairly straightforward.
Visible Speech is also known as the Physiological Alphabet.


Visible Speech with IPA equivalents

Visible Speech for English

Sample text in Visible Speech

Links
Information about Visible Speech
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_Speech
http://web.meson.org/write/vispeech.php
Free Visible Speech fonts
http://www.wazu.jp/gallery/Fonts_VisibleSpeechCSUR.html
Proposal for encoding Visible Speech in Unicode
http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/visible-speech.html

Blissymbolics
Origin
Blissymbolics were developed by Charles K. Bliss (1897-1985). Bliss originally called his invention "Semantography" and intended for it to be used as a universal written language which would enable speakers of different languages to communicate with one another.
Since 1971 Blissymbolics have been used mainly as a communication aid for people with communication, language and learning difficulties. Such people have limited or no ability to use ordinary spoken and/or written language but manage to learn Blissymbolics.
Notable features

• Blissymbolics consists of over 2,000 basic symbols which can be combined together to create a huge variety of new symbols.
• The symbols can be formed into sentences and their order is based on English word order
• The symbols are made up of simple shapes designed to be easy to write.
• Blissymbolics are used in over 33 countries.

A selection of Blissymbolics symbols


Links
Blissymbolics Communication International - a charitable organisation which promotes and supports the use of Blissymbolics: http://www.blissymbolics.org
Blissymbolics resources - includes an online dictionary and free fonts
http://www.symbols.net/blissre.htm
HANDICOM - includes software for writing in Bliss
http://www.handicom.nl/english/
Other alternative writing systems
Blissymbolics, Deseret, Graffiti, Interbet, Quikscript/Read Alphabet, Shavian, Shorthand, Solresol
Other International Auxiliary Languages
Blissymbolics, Esperanto, Folkspraak, Ido, Interglossa, Interlingua, Interlingue/Occidental, Lojban, Novial, Volapük