4、压码看电影学习法系列贴：（多语言入门）字母表汇总

Miao, Southern Guiyang [hmy] 28,000 (1995 F. Wang). South central Guizhou Province, Changshun, Ziyun Zhenning counties, Anshun Municipality. Alternate names: Southern Guiyang Hmong.  Dialects: Not inherently intelligible with other Miao varieties.  Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian  
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Miao, Southern Mashan [hma] 10,000 (1995 F. Wang). South Guizhou Province, Wangmo County. Alternate names: Southern Mashan Hmong.  Dialects: Not inherently intelligible with other Miao varieties.  Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian  
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Miao, Southern Qiandong [hms] 500,000 (1995 F. Wang). All Miao in China: 8,949,116 (2000 census). Southeast Guizhou Province, Sandu, Danzhai, Libo and Rongjiang Congjiang counties; north Guangxi Province, Rongshui and Sanjiang counties. Alternate names: Black Miao, Central Miao, Chientung Miao, Hei Miao, Hmu, Southern East-Guizhou Miao, Southern Hmu.  Dialects: Not intelligible with other Miao varieties. Corresponds more or less to Ma’s Central Miao and Purnell’s Eastern Miao.  Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Qiandong  
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Miao, Southwestern Guiyang [hmg] 70,000 (1995 F. Wang). Central Guizhou Province, Pingba, Changshun counties, suburbs of Guiyang, Qingzhen, Anshun municipalities. Alternate names: Southwestern Guiyang Hmong.  Dialects: Not inherently intelligible with other Miao varieties.  Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian  
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Miao, Southwestern Huishui [hmh] 56,000 (1995 F. Wang). Central Guizhou Province, Huishui, Sandu, Changshun counties. Alternate names: Miao, Southwestern Huishui Hmong.  Dialects: Inherently mutually unintelligible with other Miao varieties.  Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian  
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苗南贵阳[hmy] 28000（1995楼王）。贵州省中南部，长顺，紫云镇宁县，安顺市。备用名称：南贵阳苗族。方言：未在本质上与其他苗品种理解。分类：苗瑶，Hmongic，Chuanqiandian
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苗南马山县[沥青混合料] 10,000（1995楼王）。贵州省南，望谟县。备用名称：南马山苗族。方言：未在本质上与其他苗品种理解。分类：苗瑶，Hmongic，Chuanqiandian
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苗南黔东[添马舰] 50.0万（1995年楼王）。所有在中国苗族：8949116（2000年人口普查）。贵州省东南部，三都，丹寨，荔波，榕江县，从江，广西北部，融水和三江县。备用名称：黑苗，中央苗，Chientung苗，黑苗，哈尔滨医科大学，南方地区，贵州苗族，南哈尔滨医科大学。方言：不可与其他苗品种理解。对应或多或少马中央苗族佩奈尔东方苗。分类：苗瑶，Hmongic，黔东
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苗，西南贵阳[英国政府] 70,000（1995年楼王）。贵州省中部，平坝，长顺县，贵阳，清镇市，安顺市郊区。备用名称：西南贵阳苗族。方言：未在本质上与其他苗品种理解。分类：苗瑶，Hmongic，Chuanqiandian
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苗，西南惠水[hmh] 56,000（1995楼王）。贵州省中部，惠水，三都，长顺县。备用名称：苗，西南惠水苗族。方言：本质上与其他苗相互品种难以理解。分类：苗瑶，Hmongic，Chuanqiandian
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Miao, Western Mashan [hmw] 14,000 (1995 F. Wang). South Guizhou Province, Wangmo, Ziyun counties. Alternate names: Western Mashan Hmong.  Dialects: Not inherently intelligible with other Miao varieties.  Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian  
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Miao, Western Xiangxi [mmr] 820,000 (1995 F. Wang), decreasing. Northwest Hunan Province, Huadan, Fenghuang, Baojing, Jishou, Guzhang, Longshan, Xinhuang Mayang counties; northeast Guizhou Province, Songtao County, Tongren and southeast Chongqing municipalities; Xiushan and Youyang counties; southwest Hubei Province, Xuan’en County; north Guangxi Province, Nandan County, Hechi municipality. Alternate names: Eastern Miao, Ghao-Xong, Hsianghsi Miao, Huayuan Miao, Meo Do, Northern Miao, Red Meo, Red Miao, West Hunan Miao, Western Ghao-Xong, Western West-Hunan Miao.  Dialects: Not inherently intelligible with other Miao varieties.  Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Xiangxi  
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Miao, White [mww] 233,000 in China (2004). All Miao in China: 8,949,116 (2000 census). Population total all countries: 613,400. Ethnic population: 8,949,116. South and southwest Guizhou, northwest Guangxi, southeast and southwest Yunnan. Also in France, Laos, Thailand, United States, Viet Nam. Alternate names: Bai Miao, Banded Arm Hmong, Hmong Daw, Hmong Dleu, Hmong Qua Mpa, Meo Do, Meo Kao, Mong Do, Mong Trang, Pe Miao, Peh Miao, Striped Arm Hmong, Striped Hmong, White Hmong, White Lum, White Meo.  Dialects: Largely intelligible with Hmong Njua [hnj] and Hmong Daw (Mong Leng dialect) but sociolinguistic factors require separate literature for Hmong Daw.  Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian  
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Mili [ymh] 23,000 (2002). Yunnan Province, Jingdong, Yunxian, Zhenyuan, Xinping counties. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Central  
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Miqie [yiq] 30,000 (Bradley 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 50,000. Yunnan Province, Wuding (Jincheng, Jiuchang, and Chadian districts), north Fumin, north Lufeng, south Luquan counties, parts of Yongren, Dayao, Yao’an, Nanhua, Jingdong, Zhenyuan, Jinggu, Yimen counties. Alternate names: Micha, Mielang, Minqi.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Central  
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苗，西方马山[高分子量谷] 14,000（1995楼王）。贵州省南，望谟，紫云县。备用名称：西方马山苗族。方言：未在本质上与其他苗品种理解。分类：苗瑶，Hmongic，Chuanqiandian
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苗，西方湘西[产妇] 82万人（1995年楼王），下降。湖南省西北部，花旦，凤凰，保靖，吉首，古丈，龙山，麻阳新晃县，贵州省东北部，松桃县，铜仁和重庆市东南，秀山，酉阳县，湖北省西南部，宣恩县，广西北部，南丹县，河池市。备用名称：东苗，Ghao，熊，Hsianghsi苗，华源苗，苗族做，北苗，红苗族，红苗，湘西苗族，西方Ghao，熊，西方西湖南苗。方言：未在本质上与其他苗品种理解。分类：苗瑶，Hmongic，湘西
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苗，白[mww] 233000在中国（2004年）。所有在中国苗族：8949116（2000年人口普查）。所有国家的人口总数：613400。民族人口：8949116。南部和西南贵州，广西西北部，云南东南部和西南部。此外，在法国，老挝，泰国，美国，越南。备用名称：白苗，带状臂苗族，苗族昂，苗族Dleu，苗族瓜兆帕斯卡，苗族做，苗族高，望你，旺角庄，体育苗，白韫六苗，条纹臂苗族，苗族条纹，白苗族，白珑白名生。方言：大体上与苗族Njua [hnj]和苗族昂（旺角岭方言），但社会学的因素都需要单独的苗族昂文学理解。分类：苗瑶，Hmongic，Chuanqiandian
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米利[ymh] 23,000（2002年）。云南省景东，云县，镇远，平县。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，中环
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Miqie [yiq] 30000（布拉德利2007年），下降。民族人口：50,000。云南省武定（金城，酒厂，和乍得区），北富民，禄丰北，南禄劝县的永仁，大姚，姚安，南华，景东，镇远，景谷，易门县部分。备用名称：米莎，Mielang，骐。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，中环
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Moji [ymi] 2,000 (2008), decreasing. Yunnan Province, south and southwest Wenshan County; west Xichou County, Luchaichong village; possibly east Fumin County. Alternate names: Flathead Phulai, Muji, Phula, Phulawa, Pingtou Phula.  Dialects: Luchaichong. Moji patterns with Proto-Muji subgroup phylogenetically, but the Luchaichong dialect (the most vital dialect) heavily influenced by contact with Khlula and Zokhuo.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern  
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Monba, Tawan [twm] 1,300 in China (2000 census). Less than half monolingual: Young children, older people, some young adults. 600 Southern Cuona, 700 Northern Cuona. Southeast Tibetan Autonomous Region, Shannan Prefecture, Cuona County, Lebu District (Southern Cuona); Linzhi Prefecture, Motuo County, Dexing District, Wenlang village (Northern Cuona). Alternate names: Cona Monba, Cuona Menba, Cuona Monpa, Cuona Monba, Menba, Menpa, Moinba, Momba, Mompa, Monba, Monpa.  Dialects: Northern Cuona, Southern Cuona.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan, Unclassified  
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Mongolian, Peripheral [mvf] 3,380,000 in China (1982). 2,500,000 are monolingual. Population includes 299,000 Chakhar, 317,000 Bairin, 1,347,000 Khorain, 593,00 Karachin, 123,000 Ordos, 34,000 Ejine. Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang provinces, Urumchi to Hailar. Also in Mongolia. Alternate names: Inner Mongolian, Menggu, Monggol, Mongol, Southern-Eastern Mongolian.  Dialects: Chahar (Chaha’er, Chakhar, Qahar), Ordos (E’erduosite), Tumut (Tumet), Shilingol (Ujumchin), Ulanchab (Urat, Mingan), Jo-Uda (Bairin, Balin, Naiman, Keshikten), Jostu (Ke’erqin, Kharchin, Kharachin, Kharchin-Tumut, Eastern Tumut), Jirim (Kalaqin, Khorchin, Jalait, Gorlos), Ejine. Largely intelligible with Halh Mongolian [khk], but there are phonological and important loanword differences.  Classification: Altaic, Mongolic, Eastern, Oirat-Khalkha, Khalkha-Buriat, Mongolian Proper  
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Muda [ymd] 2,000 (2007), decreasing. Yunnan Province, Jinghong County, Nanpianshan District. Dialects: Related to Mpi [mpi].  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southern  
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Muji, Northern [ymx] 9,000 (2008). Yunnan Province, south Mengzi County, west Pingbian County. Alternate names: Bokha, Hlaka Mujima, Phula.  Dialects: Similar to Southern Muji [ymc].  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern  
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门司[ymi] 2000（2008），下降。云南，华南，西南省文山县，西畴县西，Luchaichong村，可能是东部富民县。备用名称：平头Phulai，无印良品，Phula，Phulawa，平头Phula。方言：Luchaichong。门司模式与原无印良品群系统发育，但Luchaichong方言（最重要的方言）重，与Khlula和Zokhuo接触的影响。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，东南
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门巴族，大湾[大哥大]在中国1300（2000年人口普查）。不到一半单语：年轻的儿童，老人，一些年轻的成年人。 600南错那，错那北部700。东南西藏自治区，山南错那县，莱布区（南区错那），林芝县，墨脱县德兴区朗村（北错那）。备用名称：错那门巴，错那Menba，错那门巴，错那门巴，Menba，Menpa，门巴族，蒙巴西，Mompa，门巴族，门巴族。方言：北方错那，南错那。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Himalayish，藏Kanauri，Tibetic，藏，未分类
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蒙古，周边[mvf] 3380000在中国（1982）。二百五十○点〇〇〇万顷一种语言。察哈尔人口包括299000，317000梅林，134.70万Khorain，593,00 Karachin，123,000鄂尔多斯，34,000 Ejine。内蒙古，辽宁，吉林，黑龙江三省，乌鲁木齐，以海拉尔。此外，在蒙古。备用名称：内蒙古，蒙古族，蒙古，蒙古，南，东蒙古。方言：察哈尔（Chaha'er，察哈尔，察哈尔），鄂尔多斯（E'erduosite），蒂默特（Tumet），Shilingol（Ujumchin），Ulanchab（Urat，明安），乔，宇（梅林，巴林，奈曼，Keshikten）， Jostu（科尔沁，Kharchin，Kharachin，Kharchin -蒂默特，东区蒂默特），Jirim（喀喇沁，科尔沁，Jalait，郭尔罗斯），Ejine。主要是可以理解的哈拉哈蒙古[khk]，但也有语音和重要的外来语的差异。分类：阿尔泰语系，蒙古语，东部，卫拉特，喀尔喀，喀尔喀，布里亚特文，蒙古正确
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穆达[年月日] 2000（2007），下降。云南省景洪县，Nanpianshan区。方言：相关的支原体[MPI的]。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，南
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无印良品，北方[ymx] 9000（2008）。云南省蒙自县南，西屏边县。备用名称：Bokha，Hlaka务岛，Phula。方言：类似于南无印良品[ymc]。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，东南
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Muji, Qila [ymq] 1,500 (2008), decreasing. Yunnan Province, south Jinping County. 2 isolated villages. Alternate names: Doka, Mujitsu, Phutsu.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern  
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Muji, Southern [ymc] 26,000 (2008), increasing. Yunnan Province, north Jinping County; some in southwest and east Jinping County, south Mengzi County, southeast Gejiu County. Alternate names: Aga, Khlaka, Lahi, Muzi, Phula, Tjeki, Tshebu, Tshibu.  Dialects: Dazhai, Ma’andi, Tongchang, Yingpan, Jinhe, Gamadi.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern  
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Mulam [mlm] 86,000 (2005 Guangxi Language and Orthography Use Situation). Fewer than 10,000 monolinguals (including women and preschool children). Ethnic population: 210,000 (2000 census). North central Guizhou Province, Luocheng Mulam Autonomous County (90% in Dongmen and Siba communes), adjacent counties, Majiang and Kaili City. Alternate names: Abo, Ayo, Kyam, Molao, Mulao, Mulao Miao, Muliao, Mulou.  Dialects: Similar to Southern Dong [kmc]. Lexical similarity: 65% with Dong (probably Southern Dong).  Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui  
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Muya [mvm] 13,000 (2000 H. Sun). About 2,000 are monolingual. West central Sichuan, Kangbo (Kangding) and Jiulong (Gyaisi) in the Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, and Simian (Shimian) County in the Ya’an District. Alternate names: Boba, Manyak, Menya, Minyag, Minyak, Miyao, Munya.  Dialects: Eastern Muya, Western Muya. Dialects reportedly not mutually inherently intelligible.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, Qiangic  
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Muzi [ymz] 10,000 (2008). Yunnan Province, south and east Gejiu County; west Mengzi County, scattered villages. Alternate names: Muji, Mogeha.  Dialects: Similar to Notthern Muji [ymx].  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern  
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无印良品，吉拉[译码器] 1500（2008），下降。云南省，南金平县。 2偏远村庄。备用名称：多考，Mujitsu，Phutsu。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，东南
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无印良品，南[ymc] 26000（2008），增加。云南省金平县北部，东部和西南部的一些锦屏县，蒙自县南部，东南部个旧县。备用名称：阿加，Khlaka，拉希，木子，Phula，Tjeki，Tshebu，Tshibu。方言：大寨，Ma'andi，铜厂，营盘，金河，Gamadi。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，东南
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仫佬族[传销] 86,000（2005年广西语言和词法利用现状）。少于10,000个单语（包括妇女和学龄前儿童）。民族人口：210,000（2000年人口普查）。贵州省北中部，罗城仫佬族自治县（90％的东门和西芭公社），邻近县，麻将和凯里市。备用名称：阿保，阿叶，Kyam，Molao，仫佬族，仫佬族苗族，Muliao，Mulou。方言：类似于南董[桂盟]。词汇相似性：65栋（可能是南洞）％。分类：太卡代，侗台，锦穗
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穆亚[最小方差] 13000（2000年每小时周日）。约有2000家单语。西中部四川，康博（康定）和九龙的甘孜（甘孜）藏族自治州，和猴（石棉），县（Gyaisi）在雅安地区。备用名称：博芭，毛尼亚克，绵谷，木雅，Minyak，秘要Munya。方言：东抚养，西方抚养。据说方言互不理解的本质。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，唐古特强，羌语
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木子[ymz]万（2008年）。云南个旧南部和东部省的县，西蒙自县，零散村落。备用名称：无印良品，Mogeha。方言：类似于Notthern无印良品[ymx]。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，东南
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Naluo [ylo] 40,000. Yunnan, Qiaojia, Wuding, Luquan, Yuanmou, Huize counties. Alternate names: Qiao-Wu Yi, Qiaojia-Wuding Yi.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Northern, Yi, Eastern Yi  
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Namuyi [nmy] 4,000 (2000 H. Sun). 200 monolinguals, mainly older adults. Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Mianning, Muli, Xichang, Yanyuan counties; southwest Sichuan, Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Jiulong (Gyaisi) County. Alternate names: Naimuci, Naimuzi.  Dialects: Eastern Namuyi, Western Namuyi. Low intelligibility between dialects, with lexical and phonological differences.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, Qiangic  
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Nanai [gld] 12 in China (1999 D.Chaoke). Ethnic population: 4,640 in China (2000 census). Northeast corner of Heilongjiang Province, near merge of Heilong, Songhua, and Wusuli rivers, Tongjiang County, Bacha, Jiejinkou villages; Raohe County, Sipai village. Most in the Russian Federation (Asia). Alternate names: Gold, Goldi, Hezhen, Juchen, Nanay, Sushen.  Dialects: Hezhen (Hezhe, Heche), Qileng (Qile’en, Kili, Kilen, Kirin).  Classification: Altaic, Tungusic, Southern, Southeast, Nanaj  
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Nasu [ywq] 250,000 (2007). Yunnan, Luquan, Wuding, Yongren, Lufeng, Yuanmou, Qujing, Xundian, Huize counties; south Sichuan, Huili County. Alternate names: Black Yi, Dian Dongbei Yi, Hei Yi, Nasu proper, Wu-Lu Yi.  Dialects: Luquan Naso, Wuding Naisu. The Naisu dialect is also called Hong Yi (Red Yi). Degrees of similarity between dialects, and also with Naluo [ylo], needs further investigation.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Northern, Yi, Eastern Yi  
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Nasu, Wumeng [ywu] 190,000 (2007). West Guizhou and East Yunnan, in Weining, Shuicheng, Hezhang, Nayong, Xuanwei, Huize, and Yiliang counties; Northwest Yunnan Province, Zhaotong, Yongshan, Daguan, Ludian counties. Alternate names: Wusa Yi, Yuan-Mo Yi, Wumeng Yi.  Dialects: Weining Yi, Hezhang Yi, Hen-Ke Yi.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Northern  
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Naluo [ylo] 40,000。云南巧家，武定，禄劝，元谋，会泽县。备用名称：巧吴仪，巧家，武定义。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，彝族，缅甸，彝语，北，彝，东易
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Namuyi [nmy] 4000（2000年每小时周日）。 200只会讲英语，主要是老年人。凉山彝族自治州冕宁，木里，西昌，盐源县，西南四川，甘孜州（甘孜）藏族自治州，九龙（Gyaisi）县。备用名称：Naimuci，Naimuzi。方言：东方Namuyi，西方Namuyi。低清晰度之间的方言，词汇和语音的差别。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，唐古特强，羌语
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赫哲族[物流服务] 12中国（1999年D.朝科）。民族人口：在中国4640（2000年人口普查）。东北角的黑龙江省，近合并黑龙江，松花江和乌苏里江，通江县，巴沙，街津口村，饶河县，四排村。大多数在俄罗斯联邦（亚洲）。备用名称：金，Goldi，赫哲，巨谌，纳奈塑身。方言：赫哲族（赫哲族，Heche），芪（Qile'en，克利，基伦湖，麒麟）。分类：阿尔泰语系，通古斯语，南区，东南，Nanaj
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那须[ywq] 25万人（2007年）。云南禄劝，武定，永仁，禄丰，元谋，曲靖，寻甸，会泽县，四川南部，会理县。备用名称：黑易，滇东北易喜易，那须适当，吴路椅。方言：鹿泉纳索，武定Naisu。该Naisu方言，也称香港青衣城（红义）。方言之间的相似性学位，与Naluo还[ylo]，需要进一步调查。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，彝族，缅甸，彝语，北，彝，东易
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那须乌蒙[ywu] 190,000（2007）。西部贵州，云南东部，威宁，水城，赫章，纳雍，宣威，会泽和宜良县，西北云南省，昭通，永善，大关，鲁甸县。备用名称：女足职业大联盟易，元鄚仪，乌蒙易。方言：威宁易，赫章易，母鸡，柯宜。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，北
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Nasu, Wusa [yig] 500,000 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 700,000. Guizhou Province, Weining Yi-Hui-Miao Autonomous, Dafang Autonomous, Hezhang, and Pan counties; west Guangxi, Baise District. Alternate names: Eastern Yi.  Dialects: Qian Xi, Bijie, Dafang. Reportedly low intelligibility between dialects.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Northern  
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Naxi [nbf] 309,000 (2000 census). 100,000 monolinguals. Northwest Yunnan, Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County; scattered in Weixi, Zhongdian, Ninglang, Deqing, Yongsheng, Heqing, Jianchuan, and Lanping counties; Sichuan Province, Yanyuan, Yanbian, and Muli counties; southeast Tibet, a few in Mangkang County. Possibly in Myanmar. Alternate names: Lomi, “Mo-Su” , “Moso” , “Mosso” , Mu, Nahsi, Nakhi, Nasi.  Dialects: Lichiang (Lijiang), Lapao, Lutien. The western dialect is reportedly fairly uniform and considered the standard (from Dayan town in Lijiang County). Eastern has some internal differences, and intelligibility may be low within it.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Naxi  
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Nisi [yso] 36,000 (2002), decreasing. Southeast Yunnan, Wenshan, Yanshan, Maguan, Funing, Xichou, Malipo, Honghe counties. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Northern  
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Nisu, Eastern [nos] 75,000 (2004), decreasing. Yunnan, Jianshui, Tonghai, Gejiu, Kaiyuan, Mengzi, Pingbian, Hekou counties. Alternate names: Nisu, Shiping-Jianshui Nisu, Shiping-Jianshui Yi.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Northern  
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Nisu, Northern [yiv] 160,000, decreasing. Yunnan Province, Eshan, Xinping, Shiping (North), Yimen, Yuxi, Jiangchuan, Shuangbai, Jinning, Chengjiang, Northern Yuanjiang counties. Alternate names: E-Xin Yi.  Dialects: Nasu, Nisu. The Nasu dialect of Northern Nisu is distinct from Nasu language continuum further north. Nasu users comprehend other varieties of Northern Nisu.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Northern  
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Nisu, Southern [nsd] 210,000 (2007), decreasing. Yunnan Province, Honghe, Yuanyang, Mojiang, Simao, Lüchun (Eastern), Jinping, Pu’er, Shiping (Southern), Yuanjiang (Southeastern) counties. Alternate names: Yuan-Mo Yi.  Dialects: Yuanyang Nisu, Mojiang Nisu. Related to Northern Nisu [yiv], Southwestern Nisu [nsv].  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Northern  
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Nisu, Southwestern [nsv] 15,000 (2007), decreasing. Yunnan Province, Jiangcheng, Simao, Mojiang, Lüchun (western), Pu’er counties. Dialects: Yuanyang Nisu, Mojiang Nisu. Related to Northern Nisu [yiv], Southern Nisu [nsd].  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Northern  
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Nung [nun] 390 in China (1999 H. Sun). Almost no monolinguals. Ethnic population: 500 in China (1999 H. Sun). Yunnan, middle reaches of Nu (Salween) River, Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture, Fugong County border region, 7 hamlets: Mugujia, Hashi, Muleng, Lagagong, Ani, Qia, Lahaigong in Mugujia village, administrative region of Shangpa Township. Alternate names: Anong, Anoong, Anu, Anung, Fuch’ye, Khanung, Khupang, Kiutze, Kwingsang, Kwinp’ang, Lu, Lutze, Lutzu, Nu.  Dialects: Cholo, Gwaza, Miko.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Nungish  
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Nuosu [iii] 2,000,000 (2000 census), increasing. 60% monolinguals (Jiafa 1994). North Yunnan, south Sichuan, mainly in Greater and Lesser Liangshan mountains. Spoken in over 40 counties. Alternate names: Black Yi, Liangshan Yi, Northern Yi, Nosu Yi, Sichuan Yi.  Dialects: Northern Shypnra, Southern Shypnra, Yynuo, Suondi (Adu).  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Northern  
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Nusu [nuf] 12,000 (Bradley 2007). 1,000 monolinguals. 2,000 in Northern Nusu, 4,000 in Southern Nusu, and 6,000 in Central Nusu. Yunnan Province, Nujiang Lusu Autonomous Prefecture, south Fugong and northeast Lushui counties. Dialects: Northern Nusu (Wawa-Kongtong), Southern Nusu (Guoke-Puluo), Central Nusu (Zhizhiluo-Laomudeng). Dialects not inherently mutually intelligible.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Central  
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Oroqen [orh] 1,200 (2002 L. Whaley). 800 are monolingual. Ethnic population: 8,196 (2000 census). Heilongjiang Province, Hinggan Ling Prefecture, Tahe, Huma, Da, Xunke counties; Heihe Prefecture, Heihe City; Yichun Prefecture, Jiayin County; Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Oroqen and Butha banners of Hulun Buir League. Alternate names: Elunchun, Olunchun, Orochon, Oronchon, Ulunchun.  Dialects: Gankui, Heilongjiang Oroqen. Gankui in Inner Mongolia is the standard dialect.  Classification: Altaic, Tungusic, Northern, Evenki  
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Pa Di [pdi] 1,000 in China. Population total all countries: 1,300. Yunnan Province, Honghe Hani and Yi prefectures, Hekou and Jinping counties. Also in Viet Nam. Alternate names: Padi.  Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern  
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Pa-Hng [pha] 26,800 in China (McConnell 1995). 10,000 monolinguals. Population total all countries: 32,370. Ethnic population: 26,815 in China. Guizhou Province, Liping, Congjiang counties; northeast Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Rongshui, Sanjiang, Longsheng, Rong’an, Lingui counties. Also in Viet Nam. Alternate names: Baheng, Bahengmai, Man Pa Seng, Meo Lai, Pa Hng, Pa Ngng, Pa Then, Paheng, Tóng.  Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Pa-hng  
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Palaung, Pale [pce] 9,000 in China (2000). West Yunnan, Dehong Prefecture, Luxi County, east of Rumai. Alternate names: Bulai, Bulei, Dlang, Ngwe Palaung, Palay, Pale, Pulei, Silver Palaung, Southern Ta’ang.  Dialects: Bulei, Raojin.  Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Palaung  
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Palaung, Rumai [rbb] 2,000 in China (1995). Far western Yunnan, Dehong Prefecture, Longchuan, and Ruili counties, on Myanmar border. Alternate names: Gemai, Guangjia, Guangka, Hemai, Humai, Na’ang, Romai, Rumai, Ruomai.  Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Palaung  
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Palaung, Shwe [pll] 2,000 in China (1995 SIL). Total De’ang nationality in China 15,462 (1990 census), 17,935 (2000 census). Southwest Yunnan, Lincang Prefecture, Zhenkang County; Baoshan Prefecture, Longyang County. Alternate names: Golden Palaung, Shwe, Ta-Ang Palaung.  Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Palaung  
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Panang [pcr] 12,000 (2002). Tibetan Autonomous Region. Alternate names: Banag, Banang, Panags, Panakha, Pananag, Sbanag, Sbranag.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan, Central  
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Parauk [prk] 266,000 in China (2000 census). Southwest Yunnan, Lincang Prefecture, Cangyuan Va Autonomous, Shuangjiang Lahu, Blang, Dai Autonomous, Gengma Dai, and Yongde counties; Simao Prefecture, Lancang Lahu Autonomous County; Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Menghai County, Mengman District. Alternate names: Baraog, Baroke, Buliu, Bulu, Burao, Phalok, Praok, Wa.  Dialects: Aishuai, Banhong, Dazhai, Alwa.  Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Wa  
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Pela [bxd] 400 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2001 J. Edmondson). Yunnan Province, Dehong Prefecture, Luxi County, Santaishan Township; Yingjiang, Lianghe counties. Maybe also Myanmar. Alternate names: Bela, Bola, Bula, Pala, Polo.  Dialects: Similar to Zaiwa [atb]. Considered by some a Zaiwa dialect.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern  
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那须女足职业大联盟[钇铁石榴石] 50.00万（2007年），下降。民族人口：700,000。贵州省威宁一会苗族自治州，自治县大方，赫章，潘县，广西西部，百色地区。备用名称：东易。方言：钱悉，毕节，大方。据报道方言之间的低清晰度。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，北
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纳西族[nbf] 309,000（2000年人口普查）。 100,000只会讲英语。滇西北丽江纳西族自治县，在维西，中甸，宁蒗，德清，永胜，鹤庆，剑川，兰坪县和分散，四川省盐源，延边，和木里县，西藏东南部，在芒康县数。可能在缅甸。备用名称：罗米罗米，“莫苏”，“毛”，“莫索”，穆，Nahsi，纳西族，纳西。方言：Lichiang（丽江），拉庞，Lutien。西部方言据说相当统一的标准，并认为（从丽江县大研镇）。东区有一些内部分歧，并可能在清晰度它低。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，彝族，缅甸，纳西
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尼思[yso] 36,000（2002年），下降。滇东南，文山，燕山，马关，富宁，西畴，麻栗坡，红河县。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，北
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Nisu，东方[数] 75000（2004年），下降。云南建水，通海，个旧，开远，蒙自，屏边，河口县。备用名称：Nisu，石屏，建水Nisu，石屏，建水易。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，北
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Nisu，北方[yiv] 160,000，减少。云南省峨山，新平，平（北），易门，玉溪，江川，双柏，晋宁，澄江，北沅江县。备用名称：电子信义。方言：那须Nisu。北Nisu那须方言是从语言，那须连续再往北明显。那须用户理解北Nisu其他品种。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，北
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Nisu，南[国安局] 210000（2007），下降。云南省，红河，元阳，墨江，思茅，绿春（东区），锦屏，普洱，平（南区），元江（东南）县。备用名称：元鄚以。方言：鸳鸯Nisu，墨江Nisu。有关北Nisu [yiv]，西南Nisu [噪声整形]。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，北
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Nisu，西南[噪声整形] 15,000（2007年），下降。云南省江城，思茅，墨江，绿春（西部），普洱县。方言：鸳鸯Nisu，墨江Nisu。有关北Nisu [yiv]，南Nisu [国安局]。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，北
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农[尼姑] 390在中国（1999年每小时周日）。几乎没有人只会讲英语。民族人口：在中国（1999年每小时日）500。云南，中游怒江（萨尔温江）河，怒江傈僳族自治州福贡县边界地区，7村落：Mugujia，哈希，穆棱，Lagagong，阿仁，洽，在Mugujia村，Shangpa乡行政区Lahaigong。备用名称：Anong，Anoong，阿努，Anung，Fuch'ye，Khanung，Khupang，Kiutze，Kwingsang，Kwinp'ang，陆，吕策，Lutzu，怒族。方言：Cholo，Gwaza，巫女。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Nungish
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彝族[三] 200.0万（2000年人口普查），增加。 60％单语（嘉发1994年）。云南北部，四川南部，主要是在大，小凉山。口语在40多个国家。备用名称：黑易，凉山彝族，北方易，能州易，四川话。方言：北方Shypnra，南Shypnra，Yynuo，Suondi（阿杜）。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，北
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努舒[nuf] 12000（布拉德利2007年）。 1000单语。 2000北努舒南努舒4000名，并在中环努舒6000。云南省怒江卢苏河自治州福贡县南部和东北部泸县。方言：北方努舒（瓦瓦，崆峒），南努舒（国科- Puluo），中央努舒（Zhizhiluo - Laomudeng）。方言本身并不是相互理解。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，中环
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鄂伦春[柯] 1200（2002湖惠利）。 800名是一种语言。民族人口：8196（2000年人口普查）。黑龙江省大兴安岭地区，塔河，呼玛，大，逊克县，黑河地区，黑河市，宜春县，嘉荫县;内蒙古自治区。鄂伦春和呼伦贝尔盟布塔横幅。备用名称：鄂伦春族，鄂伦春族，鄂伦春，Oronchon，Ulunchun。方言：Gankui，黑龙江省鄂伦春族。内蒙古Gankui是标准的方言。分类：阿尔泰语系，通古斯语，北，鄂温克
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霸迪[膈]在中国1000家。所有国家的人口总数：1300人。云南省红河哈尼族彝族自治州，河口和锦屏县。此外，在越南。备用名称：帕迪。分类：太卡代，侗台，成为太，太锡，大，西南
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帕林勋[普]在中国26,800（麦康奈尔1995年）。 10,000只会讲英语。所有国家的人口总数：32370。民族人口：在中国26815。贵州省，黎平，从江县;东北广西壮族自治区，融水，三江，龙胜，融安，临桂县。此外，在越南。备用名称：Baheng，Bahengmai，曼坝生，苗族宁坝林勋，坝Ngng，坝，然后Paheng，塘。分类：苗瑶，Hmongic，坝，挂
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布朗族，帕莱[氯乙烯] 9000中国（2000年）。云南西部，德宏州，潞西县，Rumai以东。备用名称：Bulai，布雷，Dlang，维觉巴朗，Palay，帕莱，Pulei，银巴朗族，南Ta'ang。方言：布雷，Raojin。分类：南亚语系，孟高棉，北方孟高棉，Palaungic，西方Palaungic，伯朗
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布朗族，Rumai [预算制] 2000在中国（1995年）。云南最西部，德宏州，陇川，瑞丽县，缅甸边境。备用名称：Gemai，Guangjia，Guangka，Hemai，Humai，Na'ang，Romai，Rumai，Ruomai。分类：南亚语系，孟高棉，北方孟高棉，Palaungic，西方Palaungic，伯朗
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巴朗族，缅甸[锁相环] 2000在中国（1995南港岛线）。总德昂族国籍的中国15,462（1990年人口普查），17935（2000年人口普查）。滇西南，临沧县，镇康县，宝山县，龙羊峡县。备用名称：金伯朗，大将，大昂巴朗。分类：南亚语系，孟高棉，北方孟高棉，Palaungic，西方Palaungic，伯朗
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Panang [反应] 12,000（2002年）。西藏自治区。备用名称：Banag，Banang，Panags，Panakha，帕纳纳格，Sbanag，Sbranag。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Himalayish，藏Kanauri，Tibetic，藏，中环
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Parauk [近视]在中国26.6万（2000年人口普查）。滇西南，临沧，沧源佤族自治县，双江拉祜族，布朗族，傣族自治县，耿马傣族，永德县，思茅，澜沧拉祜族自治县，西双版纳傣族自治州勐海县，勐满区。备用名称：Baraog，Baroke，埠柳，布鲁，布劳，Phalok，Praok，佤。方言：Aishuai，班洪，大寨，Alwa。分类：南亚语系，孟高棉，北方孟高棉，Palaungic，东方Palaungic，Waic，佤
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佩拉[碱性呫吨染料] 400（2000 D.布拉德利）。民族人口：1000（2001 J.埃德蒙森）。云南省德宏州潞西县，三台乡，盈江，梁河县。也许还缅甸。备用名称：贝拉，博拉阿，布拉，帕拉，波罗。方言：类似于Zaiwa [atb]。一些人认为是一Zaiwa方言。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，彝族，缅甸，Burmish，北
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Phala [ypa] 12,000 (2007). Yunnan Province, Shiping, Honghe counties, north and south banks of Yuanjiang (Honghe) River; Yuanyang, Jianshui counties, a few isolated villages downriver. Alternate names: Black Phula, Bola, Hei Phula, Khapho, Phula, Phulepho.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern  
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Phola [ypg] 13,000 (2007). Yunnan Province, Yuanjiang, Shiping, Honghe counties, along confluence of Yuanjiang (Honghe) and Xiaohedi rivers. Alternate names: Bola, Flowery Phula, Hua Phula, Phula, Phulepho, Tsha Phula.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern  
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Phola, Alo [ypo]  Yunnan Province, Yuanjiang County, Tuguozhai village. Alternate names: Pula, Bola.  Dialects: Similar to Phola [ypg].  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern  
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Pholo [yip] 30,000 (2008), decreasing. Ethnic population: 34,000. Yunnan Province, northeast Yanshan County, southeast Qiubei County; east Yanshan, west Guangnan, northeast Malipo counties, scattered. Alternate names: Black Phula, Flowery Phula, Phu, Phula.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern  
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Phowa, Ani [ypn] 10,000 (2007). Yunnan Province, north central Mengzi County, Xibeile District; south Kaiyuan County, Yangjie District. Alternate names: Flowery Phu, Hua Phu, Laotshipu, Pho, Phula.  Dialects: Most similar to Labo Phowa [ypb].  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern  
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Phowa, Hlepho [yhl] 36,000 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 50,000. Yunnan Province, southwest Yanshan, north Mengzi, west Weshan, and north Pingbian counties. Alternate names: Abo, Boren, Bozi, Conehead Phula, Cowtail Phula, Daizhanpho, Digaopho, Flowery Phula, Hua Phula, Jiantou Phula, Minjia, Niuweiba Phula, Paola, Pho, Phula, Sandaohong Phula, Shaoji Phula, Sifter Basket Phula, Thrice Striped Red Phula, Xiuba.  Dialects: Most similar to Labo Phowa [ypb].  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern  
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Phowa, Labo [ypb] 17,000 (2007), decreasing. Yunnan Province, central, north-central and southeast Kaiyuan County. Alternate names: Asaheipho, Asahopho, Ekhepho, Labopho, Pho, Phula, White Phu, Zemapho.  Dialects: Most similar to Ani Phowa [ypn].  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern  
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Phukha [phh] 5,000 in China (2008). Ethnic population: 7,000. Yunnan Province, southeast Maguan, southwest Malipo counties. Alternate names: Fu Khla, Phu Khla, Phù Lá, Phù Lá Hán.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern  
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Phuma [ypm] 8,000 (2007), increasing. Yunnan Province, east-central Pingbian County. Alternate names: Black Muji, Hei Muji, Muji, Paotlo, Phula, Phuli, Shaoji Phula, Sifter Basket Phula.  Dialects: Related to Bokha [ybk].  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern  
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Phupa [ypp] 3,000 (2007), decreasing. Yunnan Province, southwest Mengzi County; southeast corner of Gejiu panhandle. Alternate names: Hlagho, Laghï, Lala, Lamu, Larhwo, La’ou, Lapa, Muzi, Phula, Phupha, Tshebu.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern  
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Phupha [yph] 1,300 (2007), decreasing. Yunnan Province, southwest Gejiu County. 4 villages; Yuangyang County, across Honghe River. 1 village. Alternate names: Phula, Phupho, Tsapho.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern  
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Phuza [ypz] 6,000 (2007), decreasing. Yunnan Province, southwest Mengzi and southeast Gejiu counties. Alternate names: Hei Phu, Phujitsu, Phula, Phu’a.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern  
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Pumi, Northern [pmi] 35,000 (1999). 10,000 monolinguals. 24,000 as Pumi nationality, 30,000 as Tibetan nationality (1994). Southwest Sichuan, Muli, Yanyuan, and Kiulong counties; northwest Yunnan, Ninglang County, Yongning District. Alternate names: Ch’rame, Pimi, Primmi, Pruumi, P’ömi, P’rome, P’umi.  Dialects: Taoba. Northern Pumi has 4 subdialects. Intelligibility with Southern Pumi [pmj] is low. Lexical similarity: between Northern and Southern is 60%, grammatical differences minor.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, Qiangic  
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Pumi, Southern [pmj] 19,000 (1999). 6,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 28,000 (2000). Northwest Yunnan Province, Lanping, Weixi, Yongsheng, and Lijiang counties; Ninglang County, Xinyingpan District. Alternate names: Pimi, Primmi, Pruumi, P’ömi, P’rome, P’umi.  Dialects: Qinghua. Southern Pumi has 4 subdialects. Intelligibility with Northern Pumi is difficult. Lexical similarity: 60% between Northern and Southern.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, Qiangic  
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Qabiao [laq] Few elderly speakers. Ethnic population: 400. Yunnan Province, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Malipo County, Tiechang, Matong, Punong, Pucha, and Pufeng towns. Alternate names: Ka Bao, Ka Biao, Kabeo, Laqua, Pu Péo, Pubiao, Pupeo.  Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Yang-Biao  
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Qiang, Northern [cng] 57,800 (1999), decreasing. 14,000 Mawo dialect, 14,000 Weigu dialect, 11,000 Luhua dialect, 8000 Cimulin dialect, and 9,000 Yadu dialect. 130,000 total for Northern and Southern Qiang languages, including 80,000 as Qiang nationality and 50,000 as Tibetan nationality (1990 J-O. Svantesson). Ethnic population: 306,072 (2000 census). North central Sichuan Province, Mao, Songpan, Heishui, Beichuan counties. Alternate names: Ch’iang.  Dialects: Mawo, Yadu, Weigu, Cimulin, Luhua.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, Qiangic  
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Qiang, Southern [qxs] 81,300 (1999 J. Evans), decreasing. No monolinguals. 8,300 Daqishan dialect, 4,100 Taoping dialect, 3,100 Longxi dialect, 14,500 Mianchi dialect, 31,000 Hehu dialect. Around 130,000 total for Northern and Southern Qiang. 80,000 classified as Qiang nationality and 50,000 classified as Tibetan nationality (1990 J-O. Svantesson). North central Sichuan Province, Minjiang River basin between Zhenjiangguan in Songpan County to the north, and Wenchuan and Li counties to the south, as far east as Beichuan County. Alternate names: Ch’iang.  Dialects: Dajishan (Daqishan), Taoping, Longxi, Mianchi, Heihu, Sanlong, Jiaochang. Related to Muya [mvm].  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, Qiangic  
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Queyu [qvy] 7,000 (1995). West Sichuan, Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Xinlong (Nyagrong), Yajiang (Nyagquka) Litang counties. Alternate names: Choyo, Zhaba.  Dialects: Similar to Zhaba [zhb].  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, Qiangic  
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Riang [ril] 3,000 in China (1995). Southwest Yunnan, Lincang Prefecture, Zhenkang County; Baoshan Prefecture, Longyang County. Alternate names: De’ang, Liang, Liang Palaung, Na’ang, Riang-Lang, Xiaoan’gou, Xiaochanggou, Yang Sek, Yang Wan Kun, Yanglam, Yin.  Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Riang  
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Russian [rus] 2,940 in China (Shearer and Sun 2002). Ethnic population: 15,609 (2000 census). North Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Karamay (Kelamayi), Changji, Tacheng cities; Yili Prefecture (esp. Yi’ning City); Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, E’erguna Enhe Russian Autonomous District (Hulunbeier banner); Heilongjiang Province, Heihe City. Alternate names: Eluosi, Olossu, Russ, Russki.  Classification: Indo-European, Slavic, East  
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Salar [slr] 60,000 (2002), decreasing. Under 20,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 104,503 (2000 census). Qinghai Province, Xunhua Salar Autonomous, Hualong Hui autonomous counties; Gansu Province, Jishishan Autonomous County; Xinjiang, Yining. Alternate names: Sala.  Dialects: Jiezi, Mengda. Salar is spoken by descendants of an Oghuz-Turkic-speaking subtribe. Has an Oghuz Turkic base, and took on a medieval Chaghatay Turkic stratum through Central Asian contacts and finally acquired a stratum of features from local languages (1989 R. Hahn). Jiezi often seen as standard dialect.  Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Southern  
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Samatao [ysd] 400 (2007), decreasing. Guandu District, Kunming Municipality, Zijun village. A few elderly speakers in Zhenkang and Yongde. Alternate names: Samadu, Samaduo, Samou.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Northern  
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Samei [smh] 20,000 (Bradley 2007). Ethnic population: 35,000. Yunnan Province, Guandu District, Kunming City, Ala and surrounding communities (47 villages); west Yiliang County (7 villages). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Northern  
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Samtao [stu] 100 in China (1993). Southwest Yunnan, Xishuangbanna Prefecture. Alternate names: Samtau, Samtuan.  Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic  
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Sangkong [sgk] 1,500 (1995 D. Bradley), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,000. South Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Jinghong County, Xiaojie (3 villages) and Menglong (1 village) districts. Alternate names: Buxia.  Dialects: Similar to Bisu [bzi] and Phunoi [pho].  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southern  
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Sani [ysn] 100,000 (2007). Southeast Yunnan, Shilin, Yilang, Mile, Luxi, Qiubei counties. Dialects: Northern Sani, Southern Sani.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Central  
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Sanie [ysy] 8,000 (2007), decreasing. Yunnan Province, north Anning County, Kunming Municipality, Xishan District; southwest Fumin County. Alternate names: Bai Lolo, Bai Yi, Sanyie, Sa’nguie, Shanie, Shaniepu, White Yi.  Dialects: Similar to Samatao [ysd].  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Northern  
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Sarikoli [srh] 16,000 (2000 G. Erqing). Ethnic population: 20,412 (2000 G. Erqing). Southwest Xinjiang, Taxkorgan (Tashkurghan) area, Sarikol Valley. Alternate names: Salikur, Sarykoly, Tadzik, Tajik, Tajiki.  Dialects: Not intelligible with Shughni [sgh] of Tajikistan and Afghanistan.  Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pamir, Shugni-Yazgulami  
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Shan [shn]  1 village. Alternate names: Dehong.  Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, Northwest  
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Shangzhai [jih] 4,100 (2004). North central Sichuan, south Rangthang County, Shangzhai District, Shili, Zongke, and Puxi townships, near confluence of Duke River and its tributary Zhongke River. Alternate names: Western Jiarong.  Dialects: Dayili, Zongke, Puxi. Phonologically Western and Northern are fairly similar and differ greatly from Eastern. Lexical similarity: 75% between Eastern and Northern Jiarong, 60% between Western and Northern Jiarong.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, rGyarong  
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She [shx] 910 (1999 M. Zongwu). 197 monolinguals. 579 Luofu, 386 Lianhua (McConnell 1995). Ethnic population: 709,592 (1990 census) as official She nationality, including 375,000 in Fujian Province, 171,000 in Zhejiang Province 78,000 in Jiangxi Province, 45,000 in Guizhou Province, and 28,000 in Guangdong. Southeast Guangdong Province. Luofu in Boluo and Zengcheng counties, Lianhua in Haifeng and Huidong counties. More than 10 villages. Alternate names: Huo Nte.  Dialects: Luofu (Eastern She), Lianhua (Western She). Major linguistic differences with Iu Mien [ium]. Most similar to Jiongnai Bunu [pnu]. Dialects inherently intelligible. Classification within Hmong-Mien is in dispute (McConnell 1995:1320).  Classification: Hmong-Mien, Ho Nte  
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Sherpa [xsr] 800 in China (1994). Tibet. Alternate names: Serwa, Sharpa, Sharpa Bhotia, Xiaerba.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan, Southern  
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Shixing [sxg] 1,800 (2000 D. Bradley). 1,200 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Southwest Sichuan, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Muli Tibetan Autonomous County. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, Qiangic  
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Sinicized Miao [hmz] 250,000 (Hattaway 2000). Population total all countries: 252,000. Western Guizhou Province, Dafang, Guanling, Nayong, Pu’an, Puding, Qianxi, Qinglong, Shuicheng, Xingren, Zhenning, Zhijin, and Ziyun counties; southeastern Yunnan Province, Wenshan , Honghe prefectures; northwestern Guangxi Province, Longlin County; Anshun and Xingyi cities. Also in Viet Nam. Alternate names: Hmong Shua.  Dialects: Similar to Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao [cqd], Small Flowery Miao (Gha-Mu) [sfm], Forest Miao (Hmong Rongd) [mww].  Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian  
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Sui [swi] 200,000 in China (1999 X. Zeng). 100,000 monolinguals. Population total all countries: 200,120. Ethnic population: 406,902 (2000 census). Guangxi and northeast Yunnan; Guizhou: Sandu, and Libo districts; Guangxi: Nandan District. Also in Viet Nam. Alternate names: Ai Sui, Shui, Sui Li, Suipo.  Dialects: Sandong (San Tung), Anyang (Yang’an), Pandong. Dialect differences are minor, although Yunnan is reportedly more different. Sandong is the standard.  Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui  
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Tai Dam [blt] 10,000 in China (1995). Jingping County, Yunnan. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, East Central, Chiang Saeng  
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Tai Dón [twh] 10,000 in China (1995). Jingping County, Yunnan. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, East Central, Chiang Saeng  
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Tai Hongjin [tiz] 85,000 (2000 census). Southeast and north Yunnan Province, Sichuan north of the Yangtze at Huili and Takou. Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yongren, Wuding and Dayao counties; Kunming Prefecture, Luquan Yi, Miao autonomous counties; Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Maguan County; Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Honghe, Yuanyang counties; Yuxi Prefecture, Yuanjiang Hani, Yi, Dai autonomous counties; Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Lüchun, Shiping, Jianshui counties. Dialects: Dialects are significantly different and probably not all mutually intelligible. Tai Hongjin dialects have undergone more influence from Chinese and surrounding Ngwi languages (Yi and Hani) than other Yunnan Tai languages, and are only 50%-60% lexically similar to other Tai languages. Tai Hongjin is a subgrouping of scattered non-Buddhist Southwestern Tai language groups, who have some common phonological traits, but many differences as well.  Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, Unclassified  
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Tai Nüa [tdd] 540,000 in China (Zhou and Luo 2001). Population total all countries: 647,400. Ethnic population: 610,000. South central Yunnan, Dehong Prefecture, southwest of Dali near Lancang (Mekong) River. May be in north Viet Nam. Also in France, Laos, Myanmar, Switzerland, Thailand. Alternate names: Chinese Shan, Chinese Tai, Dai Kong, Dai Na, Dai Nuea, Dehong, Dehong Dai, Tai Dehong, Tai Le, Tai Mao, Tai Neua, Tai Nü, Tai Nue, Tai-Kong, Tai-Le, Yunannese Shan, Yunnan Shant’ou.  Dialects: Dehong, Tai Pong (La, You, Ya, Ka, Tai Ka, Sai), Yongren. Lexical similarity: 29% with Qabiao [laq] and Lachi [lbt], 22% with Gelao [gio].  Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, Northwest  
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帕拉[ypa] 12,000（2007年）。云南省石屏，红河县，北部和元江（红河）河;元阳，建水县，一些偏僻的乡村下游南岸。备用名称：黑色Phula，博拉阿，喜Phula，Khapho，Phula，Phulepho。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，东南
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Phola [耀皮玻璃] 13,000（2007年）。云南省元江，石屏，红河县，沿元江汇合（红河）和Xiaohedi河流。备用名称：博拉，杉Phula，华Phula，Phula，Phulepho，Tsha Phula。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，东南
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Phola，铝[ypo]云南省元江县，Tuguozhai村。备用名称：普拉，博拉阿。方言：类似于Phola [盐田港]。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，东南
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福洛[业] 30000（2008），下降。民族人口：34,000。云南省东北部燕山县，丘北县东南部，东部燕山，西广南，麻栗坡县的东北部，分散。备用名称：黑色Phula，杉Phula，富，Phula。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，东南
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破瓦法，阿尼[ypn]万（2007年）。云南省蒙自县北环，Xibeile区;南开元县，杨杰区。备用名称：杉富，华富，Laotshipu，河粉，Phula。方言：大多数类似Labo的破瓦法[ypb]。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，东南
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破瓦法，Hlepho [yhl] 36,000（2007年），下降。民族人口：50,000。云南省，西南燕山，北蒙自，西部Weshan，屏边县和北部。备用名称：阿博，博仁，博日，Conehead Phula，粗榧Phula，Daizhanpho，Digaopho，杉Phula，华Phula，建投Phula，陈敏佳，Niuweiba Phula，保拉，河粉，Phula，Sandaohong Phula，陈绍基Phula，筛篮Phula，三次条纹红Phula，Xiuba。方言：大多数类似Labo的破瓦法[ypb]。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，东南
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破瓦法，拉博[ypb] 17000（2007年），下降。云南省中部，北部，中部和东南部开元县。备用名称：Asaheipho，Asahopho，Ekhepho，Labopho，河粉，Phula，白富，Zemapho。方言：大多数类似的阿尼破瓦法[ypn]。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，东南
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Phukha [心理健康热线] 5000中国（2008年）。民族人口：7000。云南省东南部马关，麻栗坡县西南。备用名称：富Khla，富Khla，富镧，富罗汉。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，东南
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Phuma [ypm] 8000（2007），增加。云南东部和中部屏边县。备用名称：黑色无印良品，喜无印良品，无印良品，Paotlo，Phula，Phuli，陈绍基Phula，筛篮Phula。方言：有关Bokha [ybk]。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，东南
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Phupa [青年专业人员] 3000（2007），下降。云南省蒙自县西南部，个旧锅柄的东南角。备用名称：Hlagho，拉吉，拉拉，拉穆，Larhwo，La'ou，拉帕，木子，Phula，Phupha，Tshebu。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，东南
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Phupha [yph] 1300（2007），下降。云南省个旧县西南部。 4个村; Yuangyang县，横跨红河。 1村。备用名称：Phula，Phupho，Tsapho。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，东南
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Phuza [ypz] 6000（2007），下降。云南省，西南和东南个旧蒙自县。备用名称：喜富，Phujitsu，Phula，Phu'a。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，东南
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普米族，北方[采购经理人指数] 35,000（1999年）。 10,000只会讲英语。 24,000为普米族国籍，作为藏族（1994）30,000。西南四川木里，盐源，并Kiulong县，滇西北，宁蒗县，邕宁区。备用名称：Ch'rame，Pimi，Primmi，Pruumi，P'ömi，P'rome，P'umi。方言：Taoba。北方普米族有4 subdialects。可理解性与南方普米族[pmj]低。词汇相似：北方和南方之间的为60％，小的语法差异。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，唐古特强，羌语
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普米族，南[pmj] 19,000（1999年）。 6000单语。民族人口：28,000（2000年）。滇西北，兰坪，维西，永胜，丽江县，宁蒗县，Xinyingpan区。备用名称：Pimi，Primmi，Pruumi，P'ömi，P'rome，P'umi。方言：清华大学。南普米族有4 subdialects。与北方普米族清晰度是困难的。词汇相似性：60北方和南方之间％。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，唐古特强，羌语
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Qabiao [laq]老人很少发言。民族人口：400。云南省文山壮族苗族自治州麻栗坡县铁厂，马通，Punong，Pucha和普丰城镇。备用名称：李家宝，家飚，Kabeo，Laqua，浦林宝，Pubiao，Pupeo。分类：太卡代，卡代，杨标
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强，北方[天然气] 57,800（1999年），下降。 14,000 Mawo方言，14000 Weigu方言，方言11,000鲁华，8000 Cimulin方言，9000亚杜方言。总额为130,000北部和南部强的语言，包括羌族和藏族（1990联办。斯旺特森）982-9177。民族人口：三○六○七二（2000年人口普查）。四川省北中央，毛泽东，松潘，黑水，北川县。备用名称：羌族。方言：Mawo，亚都，Weigu，Cimulin，鲁华。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，唐古特强，羌语
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强，南[qxs] 81300（1999埃文斯），下降。无单语。 8300闸大岐山方言，方言4,100桃坪，3100龙溪方言，14,500渑池方言，方言31,000合户。约有13万对北方和南方强总。 80,000列为羌族和50,000藏族（1990联办。斯旺特森）分类。四川省北中部，闽江流域在松潘县镇江关之间，北，和汶川，李县南部，是远东的北川县。备用名称：羌族。方言：大吉山（闸大岐山），桃坪，龙溪，渑池，黑虎，三龙，较场。有关抚养[最小方差]。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，唐古特强，羌语
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Queyu [qvy] 7000（1995）。川西甘孜（甘孜）藏族自治州，新龙（Nyagrong），雅（Nyagquka）理塘县。备用名称：长阳，扎巴。方言：扎巴类似[zhb]。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，唐古特强，羌语
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Riang [重组自交系] 3000中国（1995年）。滇西南，临沧县，镇康县，宝山县，龙羊峡县。备用名称：德昂族，梁，梁巴朗，Na'ang，Riang朗，Xiaoan'gou，Xiaochanggou，杨石岗，杨万坤Yanglam，尹。分类：南亚语系，孟高棉，北方孟高棉，Palaungic，西方Palaungic，Riang
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俄罗斯[病毒] 2940在中国（采煤机和Sun 2002）。民族人口：15609（2000年人口普查）。北新疆维吾尔自治区，乌鲁木齐，克拉玛依（克拉玛依），昌吉，塔城城市;伊犁地区（尤其Yi'ning市）;内蒙古自治区，E'erguna恩和俄罗斯自治区（呼伦贝尔旗），黑龙江省黑河城市。备用名称：Eluosi，Olossu，拉斯，Russki。分类：印欧语系，斯拉夫，东
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撒拉族[单反] 60000（2002年），下降。在20,000只会讲英语。民族人口：104503（2000年人口普查）。青海省循化撒拉族自治县，化隆回族自治县，甘肃省积石山自治县，新疆伊宁。备用名称：萨拉。方言：说起，孟达。撒拉族是讲一个乌古斯后裔，突厥语族。有一个乌古斯突厥基地，在中世纪Chaghatay通过中亚突厥地层接触了，终于获得了具有从（1989年河哈恩）当地语言阶层。说起常常被视为标准的方言。分类：阿尔泰语系，突厥语，南部
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Samatao [英士达] 400（2007），下降。官渡区，昆明市，君村。一个镇康县和永德几个老人发言。备用名称：Samadu，Samaduo，萨穆。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，北
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Samei [SMH的] 20000（布拉德利2007年）。民族人口：35,000。云南省，官渡区，昆明市，Ala和周边社区（47个村庄）;西部宜良县（7个村庄）。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，北
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Samtao [斯图]在中国（1993）100。滇西南，西双版纳州。备用名称：Samtau，Samtuan。分类：南亚语系，孟高棉，北方孟高棉，Palaungic，东方Palaungic，Angkuic
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Sangkong [SGK的] 1500（1995 D.布拉德利），下降。民族人口：2000。云南省南部，西双版纳傣族自治州景洪县，筱杰（3个村）和梦龙（1村）地区。备用名称：Buxia。方言：类似于比苏[卡喜]和Phunoi [坡]。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，南
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萨尼[ysn] 100000（2007）。滇东南，石林，Yilang，英里，鲁西，丘北县。方言：北方萨尼阿巴，南萨尼。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，中环
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萨尼埃[ysy] 8000（2007），下降。云南省安宁县北部，昆明市，锡山区，西南富民县。备用名称：柏咯咯，柏衣，Sanyie，Sa'nguie，Shanie，Shaniepu，白易。方言：类似于Samatao [英士达]。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，北
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色勒库尔[健康和生殖健康] 16000（2000克二庆）。民族人口：20412（2000克二庆）。西南新疆塔什库尔干（塔什库尔干）区，色勒库尔谷。备用名称：Salikur，Sarykoly，Tadzik，塔吉克，立木。方言：不与Shughni理解[三星塔吉克斯坦和阿富汗]。分类：印欧语系，印度，伊朗，伊朗，东部，东南，帕米尔，Shugni，Yazgulami
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单[SHN是] 1村。备用名称：德宏。分类：太卡代，侗台，成为太，太锡，大，西南，西北
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上寨[记] 4100（2004）。川中北，南Rangthang县上寨区，十里，Zongke，和浦西乡交汇处附近的杜克河及其支流中科河。备用名称：西荣。方言：Dayili，Zongke，浦西。屈就西部和北部相当类似，不同东区很大。词汇相似性：75之间的东部和北部荣，60岁之间的西部和北部嘉绒％％。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，唐古特强，rGyarong
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她[字体文件] 910（1999米Zongwu）。 197单语。 579罗浮，386联华（麦康奈尔1995年）。民族人口：709592（1990年人口普查的官方畲族，包括福建省，江西省171,000，贵州省45,000，28,000和78,000浙江，广东375000）。广东省东南部。在博罗，增城县，莲花罗浮在海丰和惠东县。 10多个村庄。备用名称：霍嗯特。方言：罗浮（东区她），联华（西她）。主要语言的差异与耀风采[啶]。最相似的Jiongnai布努[pnu]。方言本身理解。分类在苗瑶争议的（麦康奈尔1995:1320）。分类：苗瑶，何新界东
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夏尔巴[XSR软件] 800名中国（1994年）。西藏。备用名称：Serwa，Sharpa，Sharpa博特亚，Xiaerba。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Himalayish，藏Kanauri，Tibetic，藏，南
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始兴[sxg] 1800（2000 D.布拉德利）。 1200单语。民族人口：2000（2000 D.布拉德利）。西南四川，凉山彝族自治州木里藏族自治县。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，唐古特强，羌语
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汉化苗[增强剂] 250000（Hattaway 2000年）。所有国家的人口总数：252,000。贵州省西部，大方，关岭，纳雍，普安，普定，迁西，青龙，水城，兴仁，镇宁，织金，和紫云县，云南省东南部，文山，红河自治州，广西西北部，隆林县，安顺和兴义市。此外，在越南。备用名称：苗族唰。方言：类似于Chuanqiandian集群苗[cqd]，小杉苗（嘉木）[可持续森林管理]，林苗（苗族Rongd）[mww]。分类：苗瑶，Hmongic，Chuanqiandian
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随[瑞东] 20万中国（1999年十曾）。 100,000只会讲英语。所有国家的人口总数：200120。民族人口：四十〇万六千九百○二（2000年人口普查）。广西和云南东北部，贵州：三都和荔波的地区;广西：南丹区。此外，在越南。 ：备用名艾岁，瑞，李穗，Suipo。方言：山东（新东），安阳（杨安），Pandong。方言差别很小，但据报道，云南更多的不同。山东是标准。分类：太卡代，侗台，锦穗
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邰笪呒[基本法测试]在中国（1995）10,000。平县，云南。分类：太卡代，侗台，成为太，太锡，大，西南，东中部，蒋笙
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大敦[东华]在中国（1995）10000。平县，云南。分类：太卡代，侗台，成为太，太锡，大，西南，东中部，蒋笙
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大红巾[蒂兹] 85000（2000年人口普查）。东南亚和云南北部，四川长江以北的会理和打狗。楚雄彝族自治州，永仁，武定县和大姚，昆明县，禄劝彝族，苗族自治县，文山壮族苗族自治州马关县，红河哈尼族彝族自治州，红河，元阳县，玉溪市，元江哈尼族彝族，傣族自治县，红河哈尼族彝族自治州，绿春，石屏，建水县。方言：方言有明显不同，可能不是所有的相互理解。大红巾方言经历了更多的中国和周边Ngwi语言的影响（哈尼族彝族云南大比其他语言），且只有50％-60％词法，与其他大语言。大红巾是一个分散的非分集团佛教的西南大语言群体，谁都有一些共同的语音特点，但也有不少分歧。分类：太卡代，侗台，成为太，太锡，大，西南，未分类
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大诺[拓展署]在中国540000（周，罗2001年）。所有国家的人口总数：647400。民族人口：610,000。云南中南部，德宏州，大理附近的西南澜沧江（湄公河）流域。可能是越南北部。此外，在法国，老挝，缅甸，瑞士，泰国。备用名称：中山路，中大，港大，大娜，戴Nuea，德宏，德宏傣族，大德宏，邰了，邰猫，大怒，大怒族，邰孥婀，大孔，大乐，Yunannese山，云南Shant'ou。方言：德宏，邰叵嗯（香格里拉，你，亚，嘉，邰卡，西贡），永仁。词汇相似性：29％的Qabiao [laq]和拉基[望远镜内部]，仡佬族22％[新闻局]。分类：太卡代，侗台，成为太，太锡，大，西南，西北
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Tai Ya [cuu] 50,000 in China (2000 census). Population total all countries: 50,400. Central and South Yunnan Province, Yuxi Prefecture, Xinping Yi-Dai Autonomous County, Mosha District; Yuanjiang Hani, Yi, Dai autonomous counties; Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yuanyang and Honghe counties. Also in Thailand. Alternate names: Cung, Daiya, Huayao Dai, Multi-colored, Tai Cung, Tai-Chung, Tai-Cung, Waistband Tai, Ya, Yuanxin Hongjin Dai.  Dialects: Tai Ya, Tai Sai (Dai Sai), Tai Kha (Dai Ka), Tai Chung (Dai Zhong, Cung). Dialects mutually intelligible, though speakers of the latter three may understand Tai Ya dialect (the largest) more easily than speakers of Tai Ya understand the other three dialects. Some linguists have analyzed Tai Ya as most similar to Tai Nüa [tdd], others have grouped Tai Ya with other non-Buddhist Southwestern Tai groups. Tai Ya is probably not easily intelligible with other varieties of Tai.  Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern  
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Takpa [tkk]  Tibetan Autonomous Region on the India border. Alternate names: Dakpa, Dwags.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan, Western, Ladakhi  
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Talu [yta] 13,600 (2007), decreasing.  Alternate names: Taliu, Tagu, Tazhi.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Central  
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Tanglang [ytl]  Northwest Yunnan Province, south Lijiang County, Tai’an District, Hongmai Community. Locals call this area “Tanglangba” or Tanglang Basin. Alternate names: Tholo.  Dialects: Similar to Lisu [lis].  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Central  
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Tatar [tat] 800 in China (1999 Z. Chen), decreasing. Ethnic population: 4,890 (2000 census). North Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Yining (Ghulja, Kulja), Qvqek, and Ürümqi. Alternate names: Tartar, Tata’er.  Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Western, Uralian  
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T’en [tct] 15,000 (1999 B. Wenze), decreasing. Ethnic population: 25,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Guizhou Province, east Pingtang County; Dushan County; Huishui, just south of Guiyang. Alternate names: Rau, Then, Yang Hwang, Yanghuang.  Dialects: Hedong, Hexi, Huishui. Similar to Sui [swi], some scholars consider T’en to be a dialect of Sui (Shearer and Sun 2002).  Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui  
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Thangmi [thf] 300 in China (2002). Tibetan Autonomous Region. Alternate names: Dolakha, Thami.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Western Himalayish, Eastern  
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Thopho [ytp] 200 (2007), decreasing. Yunnan Province, Guangnan County, South-central Zhetu District; northeast Zhulin District. Alternate names: Black Hat Folk, Black Phula, Hei Mao Ren, Phula.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern  
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Tibetan, Amdo [adx] 810,000 (Wurm et al. 1987). 538,500 Hbrogpa, 97,600 Rongba, 112,800 Rongmahbrogpa, 60,600 Rtahu. Huangnan, Hainan, Haibei, and Guoluo (Golog) Tibetan autonomous prefectures; Qinghai Province, Haixi Mongolian-Tibetan-Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture; Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, southwest Gansu Province, Tianzhu Autonomous County; west and north Sichuan Province, Ganzi, Aba (Ngawa) Tibetan autonomous prefectures. Alternate names: Amdo, Anduo, Ngambo.  Dialects: Hbrogpa, Rongba, Rongmahbrogpa, Rtahu. Central Tibetan [bod] or Khams Tibetan [khg] varieties not intelligible. Dialects may not be mutually intelligible. Lexical similarity: 70% with Central Tibetan and Khams Tibetan.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan, Northern  
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Tibetan, Central [bod] 1,070,000 in China (1990 census). 86% monolinguals. 570,000 Dbus, 460,000 Gtsang, 40,000 Mngahris out of 4,593,000 in the official nationality. Population total all countries: 1,277,620. Tibet, Sichuan, Qinghai. Also in Bhutan, India, Nepal, Norway, Switzerland, Taiwan, United States. Alternate names: Bhotia, Dbus, Dbusgtsang, Phoke, Tibetan, U, Wei, Weizang, Zang.  Dialects: Gtsang (Tsang, Lhasa), Dbus, Mngahris (Ngari), Deqing Zang. In the exile community a so-called diaspora Tibetan has developed.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan, Central  
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Tibetan, Khams [khg] 1,490,000 (1994). 996,000 Eastern, 135,000 Southern, 158,000 Western, 91,000 Northern, 77,000 Jone, 30,000 Hbrugchu. Northeast Tibet, Changdu (Qamdo) and Naqu (Nagqu) districts; west Sichuan, Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture; northwest Yunnan Province, Diqing (Dêqên) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture; southwest Qinghai Province, Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. Alternate names: Kam, Kang, Khamba, Khampa, Khams, Khams Bhotia, Khams-Yal.  Dialects: Eastern Khams, Southern Khams, Western Khams, Northern Khams, Hbrugchu, Jone. Dialects may be separate languages; large differences reported. Lexical similarity: 80% with Dbusgtsang [bod] (Central Tibetan).  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan, Northern  
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Tinani [lbf] 450 in China (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Western Tibet border. Alternate names: Bhotia of Lahul, Gondla, Lahauli, Lahouli, Lahuli Tinan, Rangloi.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Western Himalayish, Kanauri  
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Tsat [huq] 3,800 (1999 Y. Zheng). Ethnic population: 5,000 (2000 D. Bradley). South Hainan Prefecture; Yaxian (Sanya) County, Yanglan District, Huixin and Huihui villages. Alternate names: Hainan Cham, Hui, Huihui, Sanya Hui, Utsat, Utset.  Dialects: Most similar to Northern Roglai [rog], but very different. Tsat is structurally changed to be like Chinese.  Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Sumbawan, North and East, Chamic, Highlands, Chru-Northern, Northern Cham  
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Tseku [tsk] 12,600 in China (2000). Population total all countries: 23,790. Tibetan Autonomous Region. Also in Bhutan, Nepal. Alternate names: Tsuku, Tzuku.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan, Central  
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Tshangla [tsj] 7,000 in China (2000 census). Majority are monolingual. Ethnic population: 8,923. Southeast Tibetan Autonomous Region, Linzhi Prefecture, Motuo (Medoz, Medog) County, Beibeng, Motuo, Bangxing, and Dexing districts; Dongjiu District, Linzhi (Ngingchi) County. Alternate names: Canglo Monba, Cangluo Menba, Cangluo Monba, Central Monpa, Menba, Monba, Monpa, Motuo Menba, Sangla, Tsangla Monba, Tsanglo.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Bodish, Tshangla  
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Tu [mjg] 152,000 (1999 K. Li). Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 190,000. East Qinghai Province, Huzhu Tu Autonomous County; Gansu Province. Alternate names: Mongor, Mongour, Monguor.  Dialects: Huzhu (Mongghul, Halchighol, Naringhol), Minhe (Mangghuer). Said to be most divergent of all Mongolian languages. Dialects reported not inherently mutually intelligible. Huzhu: 150,000 people, 50,000 speakers; Minhe: 25,000. Dongren Huzhu considered standard. Dialects of Huzhu: Halchi, Karlong (18,000), Naringhol.  Classification: Altaic, Mongolic, Eastern, Mongour  
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Tujia, Northern [tji] 70,000 (Brassett and Brassett 2005). 100 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 8,028,133. Northwest Hunan, Yingjiang and Yanhe counties, Hubei, Guizhou, Wuling Mt. range. Alternate names: Tuchia, Tudja.  Dialects: Longshan, Baojing. Lexical similarity: 40% with Southern Tujia [tjs].  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tujia  
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Tujia, Southern [tjs] 1,500 (Brassett and Brassett 2005), decreasing. Monolingual speakers are mainly women, children, and older adults. Ethnic population: 8,028,133. Northwest Hunan Province, Luxi County. 3 villages. Alternate names: Tuchia.  Dialects: Lexical similarity: 40% with Northern Tujia [tji], but with phonological and grammatical differences.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tujia  
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Tuva [tyv] 2,400 in China (1999 H. Wu). No monolinguals. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Altay Prefecture, Burjin, Habahe, Fuyun, and Altay counties. Alternate names: Diba, Kök, Mungak, Tuvin, Tuwa.  Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Northern  
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U [uuu] 40,000 (2000). Southwest Yunnan Province, Baoshan Municipal Prefecture, Shidian and Changning counties. May be in Myanmar. Alternate names: A’erwa, Awa Blang, P’uman, Puman, Wa, Wu, Wu Blang.  Dialects: Not closely related to Blang [blr] (1990 J-O Svantesson). May be same as Wu dialect of Wa [wbm] in Myanmar and Hu [huo] of China.  Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic  
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Uyghur [uig] 8,400,000 in China (2000 census). Most are monolingual. 4,700,000 Central Uyghur, 1,150,000 Hotan, 25,000 Lop. Population total all countries: 8,788,690. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Also in Afghanistan, Australia, Germany, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Turkey (Asia), United States, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Uighuir, Uighur, Uiguir, Uigur, Uygur, Weiwuer, Wiga.  Dialects: Central Uyghur, Hotan (Hetian), Lop (Luobu). The Akto Türkmen speak a dialect of Uyghur with 500 different seldom-used words. There are 2,000 in 2 villages, Kösarap and Oytak in Akto County, south of Kashgar, Xinjiang. Dolan is a dialect spoken around the fringes of the Taklimakan Desert in Xinjiang. Chinese linguists recognize 3 dialects. Others have used the following dialect names: Kashgar-Yarkand (Kashi-Shache), Yengi Hissar (Yengisar), Khotan-Kerya (Hotan-Yutian), Charchan (Qarqan, Qiemo), Aksu (Aqsu), Qarashahr (Karaxahar), Kucha (Kuqa), Turfan (Turpan), Kumul (Hami), Ili (Kulja, Yining, Taranchi), Urumqi (Urumchi), Lopnor (Lopnur), Dolan, Akto Türkmen. There are significant dialect differences between China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan.  Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Eastern  
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Uzbek, Northern [uzn] 5,000 in China (2000 A. Chentgshiliang). Ethnic population: 12,370. North and west Xinjiang; Urumqi, Kashgar, and Yining (Ghulja) cities, especially Ili. Alternate names: Ouzbek, Ozbek, Usbaki, Usbeki.  Dialects: Andizhan, Tashkent, Samarkand, Fergana.  Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Eastern  
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Vietnamese [vie] 7,200 in China (1999 J. Ouyang). South coast of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous region, on Shanxin, Wanwei, and Wutou peninsulas (the “three peninsulas”), Fangcheng Pan-Nationality Autonomous County; Jiangping region. Alternate names: Annamese, Ching, Gin, Jing, Kinh.  Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Vietnamese  
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Wa, Vo [wbm] 40,000 (2000). Many monolinguals. Southwest Yunnan, Lincang Prefecture, Yongde and Zhenkang counties. Alternate names: Awa, K’awa, Kawa, Va, Vo, Wa Proper, Wa Pwi, Wakut.  Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Wa  
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Wakhi [wbl] 6,000 in China. Ethnic population: 41,028 in Tajik nationality (2000 census). Xinjiang Ughur Autonomous Region, Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County (especially Daftar); mountains south of Pishan. Alternate names: Khik, Vakhan, Wakhani, Wakhigi.  Dialects: Eastern Wakhi.  Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pamir  
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Waxianghua [wxa] 300,000 (1995). West Hunan Province, a 6,000 sq km area, Wuling Mountains, including Yuanling, Chunxi, Jishou, Guzhang, and Dayong. Alternate names: Wogang, Xianghua.  Dialects: Classified as Han nationality. It differs greatly from both Southwestern Mandarin (Xinan Guanhua) and Xiang Chinese (Hunanese), but is relatively uniform within itself. Neighboring Han Chinese, Miao, and Tujia people do not understand it. Some view it as a special variety of Chinese, others as a minority language, perhaps related to Miao.  Classification: Unclassified  
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Wutunhua [wuh] 2,000 (1995). East Qinghai Province, Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Tongren County, Longwu Township, Upper, Lower Wutun and Jiangchama villages. Alternate names: Wutong, Wutun.  Classification: Mixed language, Chinese-Tibetan-Bonan Mongour Mongolian  
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Xiandao [xia] 100 (1994). West Yunnan Province, Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Yingjiang County, Jiemao District, Manmian Township, Xiandao and Meng’e villages. Alternate names: Xiandaohua.  Dialects: Members of Achang nationality speak it; some consider it a dialect of Achang [acn].  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Unclassified  
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Xibe [sjo] 30,000 (2000 J. An). Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 188,824 (2000 census). Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Qapqal, Huocheng, Gongliu, Xinyuan, Nilka, Tekes and Zhaosu counties; Ili Prefecture, Yining City; Tacheng Prefecture, Tacheng County; Bortala Prefecture, Bole County, Ürümqi City. Alternate names: Sibe, Sibin, Sibo, Xibo.  Dialects: Inherently intelligible with Manchu [mnc].  Classification: Altaic, Tungusic, Southern, Southwest  
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Yerong [yrn] 380 (2000). West Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Baise Prefecture, Napo County, on the Yunnan Province and Viet Nam border; Longhe District, Rongtun and Gonghe villages; Pohe District, Shanhe, Yong’an and Guoba. Alternate names: Ban Yao, Da Ia, Daban Yao, Eastern Buyang, Guangxi Buyang, Ia Hrong, Iron Yao, Khyung Buyang, Liu Yao, Napo Buyang, Six Yao, Tie Yao, Tu Yao Indigenous Yao, Yalang, Yang Khyung, Yerong Buyang.  Dialects: Yerong is closely related to, but not mutually intelligible with, the 3 Buyang languages. May be most similar to the recently discovered En [enc] of Northern Viet Nam. Lexical similarity: 67% with Langnian Buyang [yln], 63% with E’ma Buyang [yzg], and 46% with Baha Buyang [yha].  Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Yang-Biao, Buyang, Eastern  
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Yugur, East [yuy] 3,000 (1999 Junast). Ethnic population: 6,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Northwest Gansu Province, east Sunan Yugur Autonomous County, Kangle, Mati, and Dahe districts. Alternate names: Eastern Yogor, Enger, Shera Yogur, Shira Yugur, Yogor, Yögur, Yugar, Yugu.  Classification: Altaic, Mongolic, Eastern, Mongour  
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Yugur, West [ybe] 2,600 (1999 J. Zhong). Ethnic population: 6,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Northwest Gansu Province, Sunan Yugur Autonomous County near Zhangye (Kanchow). Alternate names: Sari Yogur, Sarig, Sary-Uighur, Sarygh Uygur, Ya Lu, Yellow Uighur, Yugu, Yuku.  Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Eastern  
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Zaiwa [atb] 80,000 in China (1999 X. Xu). 20,000 monolinguals. Population total all countries: 110,000. Yunnan Province, Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Luxi, Ruili, Longchuan, Yingjiang, Bangwa districts. Also in Myanmar. Alternate names: Aci, Aji, Atshi, Atsi, Atsi-Maru, Atzi, Azi, Szi, Tsaiwa, Xiaoshanhua.  Dialects: Longzhun, Tingzhu, Bengwa. Some consider Pela [bxd] (Bola, Polo, Pala), Lashi [lsi] (Leqi) and Maru [mhx] (Langsu, Langwa) to be dialects of Zaiwa. Related to Hpon [hpo], Achang [acn]. Dialects have only minor phonological differences.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern  
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Zauzou [zal] 2,100 (Bradley 2007). About 10% monolingual, mainly older adults. Ethnic population: 2,500 (1999 Sun Hongkai). Northwest Yunnan Province, Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture, Lanping County, Tu’e, Biji, Wupijiang, Guoli, Xiaocun and Jiangmo districts; Lushui County, Luzhang, Shuilizhai and Liukuzhen districts and townships. Alternate names: Jaojo, Raorou, Rourou.  Dialects: Bijilan, Wupijiang.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Central  
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Zhaba [zhb] 7,700 (1995). Southwest Sichuan Province, Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Yajiang (Nyagquka) County, Zhamai District; Daofu (Dawu) County, Zhaba District; Litang and Xinlong counties. Alternate names: Zaba.  Dialects: Eastern Zhaba, Western Zhaba. Similar to Queyu [qvy].  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangut-Qiang, Qiangic  
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Zhuang [zha] A macrolanguage.  Population total all countries: 14,935,800.  
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Zhuang, Central Hongshuihe [zch] 1,080,000 (2007). Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, either side of central stretch of HSH River, including Du’an, Dahua, Mashan, north Shanglin and possibly other border areas such as east Pingguo. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Northern  
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Zhuang, Dai [zhd] 120,000 in China (2007). About 50% monolingual. Population total all countries: 120,200. Southeast Yunnan Province, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Wenshan County, Matang, Dehou, Laohuilong, Panzhihua, and Kaihua townships; Yanshan County, Pingyuan Township; Guangnan County, Zhulin Township; Maguan, and Malipo (western edge) counties. Also in Viet Nam. Alternate names: Bu Dai, Kau Ndae, Khaau Daai, Thu Lao, Tu, Tuliao, Tuzu, Wen-Ma Southern Zhuang.  Dialects: Most similar language is Nong Zhuang [zhn]. Quite different from most other Southern Zhuang (Central Tai). Lexical similarity: 70% among Nong, Yang [zyg], Yongnan [zyn], Zuojiang [zzj], and Dai [zhd], 65% with Yongbei Zhuang [zyb].  Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Central  
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Zhuang, Eastern Hongshuihe [zeh] 1,200,000 (2007). Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, south of eastern Hongshuihe River and south of Qianjiang River, includes south Shanglin, south Xincheng, south Xingbin, north Guigang, west Guiping and south Wuxuan. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Northern  
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Zhuang, Guibei [zgb] 1,500,000 (2007). Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Longsheng, Sanjiang, Yongfu, Rongan, Rongshui, Luocheng, Huanjiang, Hechi, Nandan, Tian’e, Donglan, Bama. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Northern  
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Zhuang, Guibian [zgn] 1,000,000 (2007). Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; Fengshan, Tianlin, Longlin, Xilin, Lingyun, Leyun; Yunnan, Funing, N. Guangnan. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Northern  
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Zhuang, Lianshan [zln] 33,000 (2007). Guangdong, Lianshan Zhuang, Yao Autonomous prefectures. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Northern  
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Zhuang, Liujiang [zlj] 1,560,000 (2007). Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Liujiang, N. Laibin, Yishan, Liucheng, N. Xincheng. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Northern  
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Zhuang, Liuqian [zlq] 370,000 (2007). Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, east of Liujiang and north of Qianjiang rivers; includes north Wuxuan, Xiangzhou, Luzhai; possibly Pingle, Yangshuo and Hezhou. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Northern  
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Zhuang, Minz [zgm] 2,600 (2007). Southeast Yunnan Province, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Funing County, Langheng District (now part of Tianbeng Township), Sankeshu, Xionggu, Shangmabu, Tianfang, Getao, Gezao, Gecai, Bagan, Na’en, Longnong, Anha villages. Alternate names: Kon Min, Bu Xiong.  Dialects: Most similar language is Nong Zhuang [zhn].  Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Central  
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Zhuang, Nong [zhn] 500,000 (2007). Less than 50% monolingual. Ethnic population: 600,000. Southeast Yunnan Province, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, central and west Guangnan, east Yanshan, north Wenshan, Maguan, Xichou, Malipo counties. A few in Funing and Qiubei counties. Alternate names: Kau Nong, Khaau Nong, Nong hua, Phu Nong, Phu Tei, Yan-Guang Southern Zhuang, Zhuangyu Nanbu fanyan Yan-Guang tuyu.  Dialects: Western Guangnan, Liancheng. Most similar languages: Yang Zhuang [zyg], Tày [tyz], Min Zhuang [zgm]. Some Tày dialects near Viet Nam-Yunnan border reportedly mutually intelligible with Nong Zhuang. Lexical similarity 70% between Nong, Yang [zyg], Yongnan [zyn], Zuojiang [zzj], and Dai [zhd], 65% with Yongbei Zhuang [yzb]. Dialects mutually intelligible, but Nong Zhuang is not mutually intelligible with Dai Zhuang, Min Zhuang, Yang Zhuang or Guibian Zhuang. Lexical similarity 65% with Northern Zhuang [ccx].  Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Central  
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Zhuang, Qiubei [zqe] 200,000 (2007). Southeast Yunnan Province, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Qiubei western edge of Guangnan County; Qujing Municipal Prefecture, Shizong and Luoping counties. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Northern  
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Zhuang, Yang [zyg] 870,000 in China (2000). Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, most Zhuang populations of Jingxi, Debao, and Napo counties; Yunnan Province, Funing County, scattered in Bo’ai, Xinhua, Zhesang, Dongbo, Guichao, Banlun townships and districts. Also in Viet Nam. Alternate names: De-Jing Vernacular of the Southern Dialect of the Zhuang Language, Dejing Zhuang, Gen Yang, Jingxi Zhuang, Nung Giang, Tianbao, Tuhua, Yangyu, Zhuangyu Nanbu fangyan Dejing tuyu.  Dialects: Yang (Yangyu, Tuhua), Tianbao (Tianpao, Dianbao), Fouh (Fu), Cuengh (Zong), Sengh (Sheng), Caj coux (Zouzhou, Jiazhou). Most similar languages are Nong Zhuang [zhn], Zuojiang Zhuang [zzj], Yongnan Zhuang [zyn], and other Nung languages of Viet Nam. Lexical similarity: 70% between Nong Zhuang [zhn], Yang [zyg], Yongnan [zyn], Zuojiang, and Dai [zhd], 65% with Northern Zhuang [ccx].  Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Central  
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Zhuang, Yongbei [zyb] 1,980,000 (2007). Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, N. Yongning, Hengxian, Bingyang, Wuming, Pingguo. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Northern  
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Zhuang, Yongnan [zyn] 1,800,000 in China (2000 J. Edmondson). About 50% monolingual. Population total all countries: 1,810,000. South Guangxi, south Yongning, Longan, Fusui, Shangsi, Qinzhou and Fangcheng counties; some in Jingxi County; Yunnan, Funing County. Also in Viet Nam. Alternate names: Bou Rau, Long An, Long’an, Nung An, Southern Zhuang, Yongnan Vernacular of the Southern Dialect of the Zhuang Language, Zhuangyu nanbu fangyan Yongnan tuyu.  Dialects: Most similar languages are Zuojiang Zhuang [zzj] (Nung Chao), Yongbei Zhuang [zyb], Yang Zhuang [zyg] (Nung Giang), and other Nung languages of Viet Nam. Lexical similarity: 70% between Nong [zhn], Yang [zyg], Yongnan [zyn], Zuojiang [zzj], and Dai [zhd], 65% with Northern Zhuang [ccx].  Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Central  
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Zhuang, Youjiang [zyj] 870,000 (2007). Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Tiandong, Tianyang, Baise. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Northern  
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Zhuang, Zuojiang [zzj] 1,500,000 in China (2000 census). Population total all countries: 1,840,000. Southwest Guangxi Province, Tiandeng, Daxin, Chongzuo, Ningming, Longzhou and Pingxiang Jingxi counties; Yunnan Province, Funing County, a few villages. Also in Viet Nam. Alternate names: Longzhou, Longyin, Ken Tho, Pho Thai, Pu Tho, Southern Zhuang, Zhuangyu nanbu fangyan Zuojiang tuyu.  Dialects: Most similar languages are Yang Zhuang [zyg], Yongnan Zhuang [zyn], Nong Zhuang [zhn], and other Nung languages of Viet Nam. Lexical similarity: 70% between Nong [zhn], Yang [zyg], Yongnan, Zuojiang [zzj], and Dai [zhd], 65% with Yongbei Zhuang [ccx].  Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Central  
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Zokhuo [yzk] 13,000 (2007), decreasing. Yunnan Province, southeast Wenshan, south Yanshan counties. Alternate names: Cowtail Phula, Nimitso, Niuweiba Phula, Phula, Ruoke, Tshokha, Zekhe, Zuoke.  Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Southeastern  
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邰雅[玖]在中国50,000（2000年人口普查）。所有国家的人口总数：50,400。中美洲和南美洲的云南省，玉溪县新平彝族，傣族自治县，斯莫沙区，元江哈尼族彝族，傣族自治县，红河哈尼族彝族自治州，红河元阳和县。此外，在泰国。备用名称：恭，谷川，花瑶代，多色彩，邰徂嗯，台中，台恭，腰带大，亚，戴源兴红巾。方言：大亚，邰思（戴西），大黎（戴卡），大涌（戴忠，巩）。方言相互理解的，但后者的3人可能明白邰押方言（最大）更容易比邰雅者了解其他三个方言。有些语言学家分析，由于大部分类似的大诺[拓展署]邰呀，有的归为其他非佛教西南大集团邰压。邰雅可能不容易理解与其他品种大。分类：太卡代，侗台，成为太，太锡，大，西南
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Takpa [顶呱呱]西藏自治区在印度的边境。备用名称：达帕，达波。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Himalayish，藏Kanauri，Tibetic，藏，西，拉达克
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鹿[yta] 13,600（2007年），下降。备用名称：Taliu，多具，Tazhi。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，中环
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朗[杨忠礼]西北云南省，丽江县南，泰安区Hongmai社区。当地人称这方面的“Tanglangba”或朗盆地。备用名称：Tholo。方言：类似于僳[待]。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，中环
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鞑靼[达] 800名中国（1999 z的陈），下降。民族人口：4890（2000年人口普查）。北新疆维吾尔自治区，伊宁（伊宁，伊宁），Qvqek，乌鲁木齐等。备用名称：鞑靼，Tata'er。分类：阿尔泰语系，突厥，西，Uralian
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T'en [硬质合金] 15000（1999年二泽），下降。民族人口：25,000（2000年D.布拉德利）。贵州省平塘县以东，独山县，惠水，贵阳以南。备用名称：劳，然后，杨黄，Yanghuang。方言：河东，河西，惠水。类似随[瑞东]，一些学者认为T'en是隋方言（采煤机和Sun 2002）。分类：太卡代，侗台，锦穗
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Thangmi [四氢呋喃] 300在中国（2002年）。西藏自治区。备用名称：Dolakha，塔米。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Himalayish，藏Kanauri，西方Himalayish，东区
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Thopho [ytp] 200（2007），下降。云南省广南县，中南部Zhetu区的东北竹林区。备用名称：黑帽民俗，黑色Phula，喜茅任，Phula。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，东南
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西藏，安多[adx] 81.00万（沃姆等人。1987年）。 538500 Hbrogpa，97600 Rongba，112800 Rongmahbrogpa，60600 Rtahu。黄南，海南，海北和果洛（果洛）藏族自治州，青海省，海西蒙古族藏族，哈萨克自治州，甘南藏族自治州，甘肃省西南部，天祝自治县，西部和北部四川省甘孜，阿坝（阿坝）藏族自治州。备用名称：安多，安多，恩甘博。方言：Hbrogpa，Rongba，Rongmahbrogpa，Rtahu。西藏流亡政府[董事会]或西藏后藏康钦[喀什]品种不理解。方言可能不是相互理解。词汇相似性：70个中央和后藏康钦西藏藏族％。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Himalayish，藏Kanauri，Tibetic，藏，北
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西藏，中央[董事会]在中国107.0万（1990年人口普查）。 86％单语。 570,000乌思，卫藏460,000，40,000 Mngahris出4593000正式国籍。所有国家的人口总数：1277620。西藏，四川，青海。此外，在不丹，印度，尼泊尔，挪威，瑞士，台湾，美国。备用名称：博特亚，乌思，Dbusgtsang，Phoke，西藏，美，卫，卫藏，藏。方言：卫藏（曾，拉萨），乌思，Mngahris（阿里），德清藏。流亡在社会上所谓的流亡西藏发展。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Himalayish，藏Kanauri，Tibetic，藏，中环
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西藏，后藏康钦[喀什] 1490000（1994）。 996000东区，南区135,000，158,000西，北91,000，77,000卓尼，30,000 Hbrugchu。西藏东北部，昌都（昌都）和那曲（那曲）地区;西部四川，甘孜州（甘孜）藏族自治州，云南省西北部，迪庆（迪庆）藏族自治州，青海省西南部，玉树藏族自治州。备用名称：锦康，康巴，康巴，后藏康钦，后藏康钦博特亚，后藏康钦巴亚拉。方言：东部后藏康钦，南后藏康钦，西方后藏康钦，北后藏康钦，Hbrugchu，卓尼。方言可能是独立的语言;很大的差异报告。词汇相似性：80 Dbusgtsang [董事会]（中央藏族）％。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Himalayish，藏Kanauri，Tibetic，藏，北
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Tinani [磅] 450在中国（弗格林和弗格林1977）。西方的西藏边境。候补名单：对Lahul，Gondla，Lahauli，Lahouli，Lahuli Tinan，Rangloi博特亚。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Himalayish，藏Kanauri，西方Himalayish，Kanauri
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七[胡克] 3800（1999 y的古筝）。民族人口：5000（2000 D.布拉德利）。海南南部地区;仙（三亚）县，Yanglan区，汇鑫和回回村庄。备用名称：海南湛，回族，回回，三亚回族，Utsat，Utset。方言：北方最相似Roglai [罗格]，但非常不同。七是结构改为像中国。分类：南岛，马来，波利尼西亚，马来，Sumbawan，北部和东部，占语群，高原，Chru，北，北湛
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Tseku [东精] 12,600名中国（2000年）。所有国家的人口总数：23790。西藏自治区。此外，在不丹，尼泊尔。备用名称：津久，Tzuku。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Himalayish，藏Kanauri，Tibetic，藏，中环
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Tshangla [tsj]在中国7000（2000年人口普查）。大多数是一种语言。民族人口：8923。西藏自治区东南部，林芝县，墨脱（Medoz，墨脱县），Beibeng，墨脱，傍兴，和德兴地区，东久区，林芝（Ngingchi）县。备用名称：Canglo门巴族，Cangluo Menba，Cangluo门巴族，中央门巴，Menba，门巴族，门巴，墨脱Menba，桑格拉，Tsangla门巴族，Tsanglo。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Himalayish，藏Kanauri，Tibetic，藏语，Tshangla
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涂[mjg] 152,000（1999年花茶）。很少只会讲英语。民族人口：190,000。东青海省互助土族自治县，甘肃省。备用名称：Mongor，蒙古尔，蒙古尔。方言：互助（Mongghul，Halchighol，Naringhol），民和（Mangghuer）。说是最不同的是所有蒙古语言。方言报告说没有本质上相互理解。互助：15万人，5.00万扬声器;民和：25,000。冬人互助考虑标准。在互助方言：Halchi，Karlong（18,000），Naringhol。分类：阿尔泰语系，蒙古语，东部，蒙古尔
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土家族，北方[tji] 70000（Brassett和Brassett 2005年）。 100单语。民族人口：8028133。湘西北，盈江和沿河县，湖北，贵州，武陵山。范围。备用名称：土家，Tudja。方言：龙山，保靖。词汇相似性：40％南土家族[结条形]。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，土家族
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土家族，南[结条形] 1500（Brassett和Brassett 2005年），下降。单语者主要是妇女，儿童和老年人。民族人口：8028133。西北湖南省泸溪县。 3个村。备用名称：土家。方言：词汇相似性：40％北土家族[tji]，但语音和语法的差异。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，土家族
更多的信息。
  
图瓦[tyv]在中国（1999年吴素慧）2400。无单语。新疆维吾尔自治区，阿勒泰地区，Burjin，哈巴河，富蕴，阿勒泰和县。备用名称：迪巴，角，Mungak，Tuvin，图瓦。分类：阿尔泰语系，突厥语，北
更多的信息。
  
ü [ÛÛÛ] 40,000（2000年）。西南云南省保山市县，施甸和长宁县。 5月在缅甸。备用名称：A'erwa，阿波布朗族，P'uman，Puman，华，吴，吴布朗族。方言：不密切相关的布朗族[最优惠贷款利率]（1990年联办斯旺特森）。可能是相同的华吴方言[WBM中]缅甸和胡锦涛[霍对中国]。分类：南亚语系，孟高棉，北方孟高棉，Palaungic，东方Palaungic，Angkuic
更多的信息。
  
维吾尔[乌伊格]在中国八百四十○点零万（2000年人口普查）。大多数是一种语言。 470.000万中央维吾尔，1,150,000和田，25,000罗布泊。所有国家的人口总数：8788690。新疆维吾尔自治区。此外，在阿富汗，澳大利亚，德国，印度，哈萨克斯坦，吉尔吉斯斯坦，蒙古，巴基斯坦，沙特阿拉伯，台湾，塔吉克斯坦，土耳其（亚洲），美国，乌兹别克斯坦。备用名称：Uighuir，维吾尔，Uiguir，维吾尔语，维吾尔文，维吾尔，维加。方言：中央维吾尔，和田（和田），罗布（罗布泊）。土库曼的阿克陶500个不同的发言，很少使用的词语，是维吾尔语。有2村，Kösarap和Oytak在阿克陶县，南部喀什，新疆2000。杜兰是围绕新疆的塔克拉玛干沙漠边缘的发言方言。中国语言学家认识3方言。别人都用以下方言名称：喀什，叶尔羌（喀什，莎车），方针与希萨尔（英吉沙），和田，Kerya（和田，于田），Charchan（Qarqan，且末），阿克苏（阿克苏），Qarashahr（Karaxahar），库车（库车），吐鲁番（吐鲁番），哈密（哈密），伊犁（伊宁，伊宁，Taranchi），乌鲁木齐（乌鲁木齐），罗布泊（Lopnur），杜兰，阿克陶土库曼人。之间存在着中国，哈萨克斯坦，吉尔吉斯斯坦显着的方言差别，和乌兹别克斯坦。分类：阿尔泰语系，突厥，东
更多的信息。
  
乌兹别克斯坦，北[uzn] 5000中国（2000年答Chentgshiliang）。民族人口：12370。新疆北部和西部，乌鲁木齐，喀什和伊宁（伊宁）城市，特别是伊犁。备用名称：Ouzbek，乌孜别克，Usbaki，Usbeki。方言：安集延，塔什干，撒马尔罕，费尔干纳。分类：阿尔泰语系，突厥，东
更多的信息。
  
越南[争夺]在中国（1999年J.欧阳）7200。南海岸的广西壮族自治区，在俞善，万维和乌头半岛（“三半岛”），防城泛民族自治县，江平地区。备用名称：安南，清，金酒，敬敬。分类：南亚语系，孟高棉，越南，蒙族，越南
更多的信息。
  
华，武[WBM中] 40,000（2000年）。许多人只会讲英语。滇西南，临沧县，永德县和镇康县。备用名称：阿波，K'awa，卡瓦，佤族，武，佤正确，华天陪，Wakut。分类：南亚语系，孟高棉，北方孟高棉，Palaungic，东方Palaungic，Waic，佤
更多的信息。
  
Wakhi [维信] 6000中国。民族人口：在塔吉克民族（2000年人口普查）41028。新疆Ughur自治区，塔什库尔干塔吉克自治县（特别是达夫塔尔）皮山以南的山区。备用名称：Khik，Vakhan，Wakhani，Wakhigi。方言：东方Wakhi。分类：印欧语系，印度，伊朗，伊朗，东部，东南，帕米尔
更多的信息。
  
Waxianghua [wxa] 300,000（1995年）。西湖南省，6000平方公里，武陵山区，包括沅陵，王春喜，吉首，古丈，和大庸。备用名称：Wogang，向华。方言：暂定为汉族。它从大不相同西南国语（新安冠华）及湘中（湖南），但相对自身内部的统一。邻近的汉族，苗族，土家族人不明白。一些人认为，作为中国，其他特殊品种，作为少数民族语言可能与苗，它。分类：未分类
更多的信息。
  
Wutunhua [戊] 2000（1995）。东青海省黄南藏族自治州同仁县隆务镇，上，下Wutun和Jiangchama村庄。备用名称：梧桐，Wutun。分类：混合语言，中，藏，蒙古博南蒙古尔
更多的信息。
  
仙岛[夏] 100（1994）。云南省西部，德宏傣族景颇族自治州盈江县，Jiemao区Manmian乡，学者，莪村庄。备用名称：Xiandaohua。方言：阿昌族的发言议员的意见，有的认为它是阿昌族方言[乙腈]。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，彝族，缅甸，Burmish，未分类
更多的信息。
  
锡伯族[湖，海] 30,000（2000 J.安）。很少只会讲英语。民族人口：188824（2000年人口普查）。新疆维吾尔自治区，察布查尔，霍城县，巩留，新源，尼勒克，特克斯和昭苏县，伊宁县，伊宁市，塔城地区，塔城县，博尔塔拉州，博乐县，乌鲁木齐市。备用名称：锡伯，四斌，锡伯族，锡伯族。方言：在本质上与满族理解[跨国公司]。分类：阿尔泰语系，通古斯语，南区，西南
更多的信息。
  
叶荣[yrn] 380（2000）。西广西壮族自治区，百色县，那坡县，云南省和越南的边界;龙河区，Rongtun和共和村，泼河区，山河，永安和Guoba。备用名称：班姚明，大保险业监督，大板瑶，东方补养，广西补养，保险业监督Hrong，铁瑶，穹步阳，刘要，纳波补养，六姚明，姚明领带，涂瑶土著瑶，雅浪，杨穹，叶荣补阳。方言：叶荣密切相关，但不是相辅相成，，3补养语言理解。可能最类似于最近发现恩[海图]北越南。词汇相似性：67％与Langnian补阳[yln]，63％的E'ma补阳[yzg]和巴哈补阳46％[青年旅舍]。分类：太卡代，卡代，杨标，步阳，东
更多的信息。
  
裕固族，东[yuy] 3000（1999 Junast）。民族人口：6000（2000 D.布拉德利）。甘肃省西北部，东邻肃南裕固族自治县，康乐，马蒂和大河区。备用名称：东方Yogor，昂热，谢拉Yogur，希拉裕固族，Yogor，Yögur，Yugar，裕固族。分类：阿尔泰语系，蒙古语，东部，蒙古尔
更多的信息。
  
裕固族，西[ybe] 2600（1999 J.钟）。民族人口：6000（2000 D.布拉德利）。西北甘肃省肃南裕固族自治县近张掖（Kanchow）。备用名称：萨里Yogur，撒里，萨利，维吾尔，Sarygh维吾尔文，雅路，黄河维吾尔族，裕固族，Yuku的。分类：阿尔泰语系，突厥，东
更多的信息。
  
Zaiwa [atb] 80,000中国（1999年十许）。 20,000只会讲英语。所有国家的人口总数：110,000。云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州，潞西，瑞丽，陇川，盈江，Bangwa地区。此外，在缅甸。备用名称：动杆菌，味，Atshi，Atsi，Atsi丸，Atzi，阿紫，师傅，Tsaiwa，Xiaoshanhua。方言：Longzhun，祝，Bengwa。有些人认为白蜡[碱性呫吨染料]（博拉阿，马球，帕拉），拉市[大规模集成电路]（乐其）和丸[mhx]（Langsu，兰瓜）成为Zaiwa方言。有关Hpon [生成素]，阿昌族[乙腈]。只有轻微的方言语音的差别。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，彝族，缅甸，Burmish，北
更多的信息。
  
Zauzou [湾] 2100（布拉德利2007年）。约10％的单语，主要是老年人。民族人口：2500（1999孙宏开）。云南省西北部，怒江傈僳族自治州，兰坪县，Tu'e，比日，Wupijiang，利，晓村和Jiangmo的地区;泸水县，Luzhang，Shuilizhai和Liukuzhen区和乡镇。备用名称：Jaojo，Raorou，Rourou。方言：Bijilan，Wupijiang。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，中环
更多的信息。
  
扎巴[zhb] 7700（1995）。西南四川甘孜州（甘孜）藏族自治州雅江（Nyagquka）县，Zhamai区;道孚（大悟）县，扎巴区，理塘，新龙县。备用名称：扎巴。方言：扎巴东，西方扎巴。类似Queyu [qvy]。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，唐古特强，羌语
更多的信息。
  
庄[查]阿macrolanguage。所有国家的人口总数：14935800。
更多的信息。
  
庄，中央红水河[zch] 108.0万（2007年）。广西壮族自治区，无论是中央的德国北方河延伸，包括都安，大化，马山，上林北部和东部可能，如平果等边境地区的一边。分类：太卡代，侗台，成为太，太锡，大，北
更多的信息。
  
壮，傣[zhd] 12万中国（2007年）。单语的50％左右。所有国家的人口总数：120200。滇东南，文山壮族苗族自治州文山县马塘，德厚，Laohuilong，攀枝花，和开化乡镇，盐山县，平原乡，广南县，竹林镇，马关，麻栗坡和（西部边缘）县。此外，在越南。备用名称：步代，九Ndae，Khaau下载唐山，周四老挝，涂，涂料，图祖，文南壮马。方言：大多数类似的语言，是农庄[zhn]。完全不同的大多数其他南方庄（中大）。词汇相似性：70间农，杨％[zyg]，永南[zyn]，左江[zzj]，戴[zhd]，65％的永北庄[zyb]。分类：太卡代，侗台，成为太，太锡，大，中环
更多的信息。
  
庄，东方红水河[zeh] 1,200,000（2007年）。广西壮族自治区，南部红水河流域的东部和南部，钱江，包括南上林，南新城，南兴宾，北贵港，桂平西部和南部武宣。分类：太卡代，侗台，成为太，太锡，大，北
更多的信息。
  
庄，桂北[zgb] 1500000（2007）。广西壮族自治区：龙胜，三江，永福，融安县，融水，罗城，环江，河池，南丹，天峨，东兰，巴马。分类：太卡代，侗台，成为太，太锡，大，北
更多的信息。
  
庄，Guibian [zgn] 1000000（2007）。广西壮族自治区，凤山，田林，隆林，西林，凌云，耘，云南，阜宁，注广南。分类：太卡代，侗台，成为太，太锡，大，北
更多的信息。
  
壮，连山[zln] 33,000（2007年）。广东省连山壮族，瑶族自治县县。分类：太卡代，侗台，成为太，太锡，大，北
更多的信息。
  
壮族，柳江[zlj] 156.0万（2007年）。广西壮族自治区：柳江，注来宾，宜山，柳城，注新城。分类：太卡代，侗台，成为太，太锡，大，北
更多的信息。
  
庄，Liuqian [zlq] 37.0万（2007年）。广西壮族自治区，柳江东部和北部潜江河流;包括北武宣，象州，鹿寨，可能是平乐，阳朔和贺州。分类：太卡代，侗台，成为太，太锡，大，北
更多的信息。
  
庄，Minz [zgm] 2600（2007）。滇东南，文山壮族苗族自治州富宁县，Langheng区（现为Tianbeng乡的一部分），三棵树，熊谷，Shangmabu，天方，Getao，Gezao，Gecai，蒲甘，Na'en，Longnong，阿尼亚村庄。备用名称：杆民，步熊。方言：大多数类似的语言，是农庄[zhn]。分类：太卡代，侗台，成为太，太锡，大，中环
更多的信息。
  
庄，农[zhn] 50.0万（2007年）。低于50％单语。民族人口：600,000。滇东南，文山壮族苗族自治州，中部和西部广南，东部燕山，北文山，马关，西畴，麻栗坡县。一个阜宁和丘北县数。备用名称：九农，Khaau农，农化，农富，富地，阎广南壮，转语南部县fanyan闫广涂于。方言：西广南，连城。最相似的语言：杨壮语[zyg]，河西[tyz]闵壮语[zgm]。一些靠近越南河西方言，云南边境据说相互理解与农壮。词汇之间的相似性70弄，杨％[zyg]，永南[zyn]，左江[zzj]，戴[zhd]，65％的永北庄[YZB系列]。方言相互理解的，但农庄是不是相互理解与大庄，闵庄，杨诸昂或Guibian庄。词汇相似性与北庄65％[CCX的]。分类：太卡代，侗台，成为太，太锡，大，中环
更多的信息。
  
庄，丘北[zqe] 200,000（2007年）。滇东南，文山壮族，丘北的广南县西缘苗族自治州，曲靖市县，师宗县和罗平。分类：太卡代，侗台，成为太，太锡，大，北
更多的信息。
  
庄，杨[zyg]在中国（2000年）870,000。广西壮族自治区，京西，德宝，和那坡县壮族人口的大多数，云南省，阜宁县，在博爱，新华，者桑，东坡，桂朝，Banlun乡镇和地区分散。此外，在越南。备用名称：德敬对壮语，德静庄，杨根，京西庄，农江，天宝，土话，洋屿，转语南部县方岩德静涂于南部方言白话。方言：杨（洋屿，土话），天宝（Tianpao，Dianbao），Fouh（富），Cuengh（宗），Sengh（笙），恰伊库克斯（Zouzhou，嘉州）。最相似的语言是农庄[zhn]，左江庄[zzj]，永南壮[zyn]，语文和其他农越南。词汇相似性：70％之间壮族农[zhn]，羊[zyg]，永南[zyn]，左江，戴[zhd]，北庄65％[CCX的]。分类：太卡代，侗台，成为太，太锡，大，中环
更多的信息。
  
庄，永北[zyb] 1980000（2007）。广西壮族自治区，注邕宁，横县，宾阳，武鸣，平果。分类：太卡代，侗台，成为太，太锡，大，北
更多的信息。
  
庄，永南[zyn] 180万元的中国（2000年J.埃德蒙森）。单语的50％左右。所有国家的人口总数：1810000。广西南部，南永宁，隆安，扶绥，上思，钦州，防城县，靖西县一些，云南，阜宁县。此外，在越南。备用名称：布阿劳，隆安，隆安，农安，南方庄，永南对壮语南部方言民居，转语南武方岩永南涂于。方言：大多数类似的语言是左江壮族[zzj]（农超），永北庄[zyb]，杨壮语[zyg]（农江）和其他农越南语言。词汇相似性：70％之间的农[zhn]，羊[zyg]，永南[zyn]，左江[zzj]，戴[zhd]，北庄65％[CCX的]。分类：太卡代，侗台，成为太，太锡，大，中环
更多的信息。
  
庄，右江[zyj] 87.0万（2007年）。广西壮族自治区，田东，田阳，百色。分类：太卡代，侗台，成为太，太锡，大，北
更多的信息。
  
壮，左江[zzj]在中国1,500,000（2000年人口普查）。所有国家的人口总数：1840000。西南广西，天等，大新，崇左，宁明，龙州和凭祥靖西县，云南省，阜宁县，少数村庄。此外，在越南。备用名称：龙州，龙吟，肯寿，河粉泰国，浦寿，南方庄，转语南武方岩左江涂于。方言：大多数类似的语言是杨诸肮[zyg]，永南壮[zyn]，农庄[zhn]，语文和其他农越南。词汇相似性：70％之间的农[zhn]，羊[zyg]，永南，左江[zzj]，戴[zhd]，65％的永北庄[CCX的]。分类：太卡代，侗台，成为太，太锡，大，中环
更多的信息。
  
Zokhuo [yzk] 13,000（2007年），下降。云南省文山州东南部，南燕山县。备用名称：粗榧Phula，Nimitso，Niuweiba Phula，Phula，Ruoke，Tshokha，Zekhe，Zuoke。分类：汉藏语系，藏缅语族，Burmic，Ngwi，东南
更多的信息。
  

Index of languages by writing system
This is a list of the languages featured on arranged by the writing systems with which they are written. This is not an exhaustive list of all the languages written with each writing system. Only some writing systems have been adapted to write more than one language. The most widely used writing systems are the Latin, Cyrillic and Arabic alphabets. An index of all the languages of all the languages featured on this site is available in the language index.

Some languages have been written with a number of different writing systems over the years. For example, in Central Asia many languages were originally written with the Arabic alphabet, then switched to the Latin alphabet during the 1920s, then to the Cyrillic alphabet during the 1930s or 1940s. Some of them switched back to the Latin alphabet during the 1990s or in the early 21st century.

Please note: alphabets used to write only one language, such as Armenian, Korean and Thai, are not included here. This page includes only those alphabets that used to write more than one language. If you can't find a particular writing system or language here, please look in the A-Z index or the Language index.

Writing systems
Arabic, Aramaic, Baybayin, Bengali, Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Devanagari, Ge'ez (Ethiopic), Georgian (Mkhedruli), Hebrew, Kannada, Latin, Malayalam, Oriya, Syriac, Tibetan, Tifinagh


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Arabic alphabet
Arabic, Azeri, Baluchi, Bosnian, Dari, Hausa, Kabyle, Konkani, Kashmiri, Kazakh, Kurdish, Kyrghyz, Malay, Mandekan, Morisco, Pashto, Persian/Farsi, Punjabi, Shabaki, Sindhi, Siraiki, Tatar, Turkish, Urdu, Uyghur
Some of these languages, such as Bosnian and Turkish, were once written with the Arabic alphabet, but nowadays are normally written with a different alphabet, such as Latin or Cyrillic.


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Aramaic/Proto-Hebrew alphabet
Aramaic


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Baybayin syllabary
Ilocano, Kapampangan, Tagalog


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Bengali alphabet (Eastern Nagari / Eastern Neo-Brahmic script)
Assamese, Bengali, Garo, Manipuri, Mundari, Sylheti


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Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
Blackfoot, Carrier, Cree, Inuktitut, Naskapi, Ojibwe


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Chinese script
Modern Standard Chinese, Cantonese, Japanese (kanji), Korean (hanja), Vietnamese (chữ-nôm)


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Cyrillic alphabet
Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Altay, Archi, Avar, Azeri, Balkar, Bashkir, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Buryat, Chechen, Chukchi, Chuvash, Crimean Tatar, Dargwa, Dungan, Erzya, Even, Evenki, Gagauz, Ingush, Kabardian, Kalmyk, Karakalpak, Kazakh, Khanty, Kildin Sami, Komi, Koryak, Kumyk, Kurdish, Kyrghyz, Lak, Lezgi, Lingua Franca Nova, Macedonian, Mansi, Mari, Moksha, Moldovan, Mongolian, Nanai, Nenets, Nivkh, Old Church Slavonic, Ossetian, Russian, Ruthenian, Serbian, Slovio, Tabassaran, Tajik, Tatar, Tsez, Turkmen, Tuvan, Ubykh, Udmurt, Ukrainian, Uyghur, Uzbek, Votic, Yakut, Yukaghir, Yupik

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Devanagari alphabet
Bhojpuri, Hindi, Konkani, Marathi, Mundari, Nepali, Pali, Sanskrit, Sindhi

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Ge'ez (Ethiopic) script
Amharic, Ge'ez, Tigrinya


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Georgian (Mkhedruli) alphabet
Georgian, Laz, Svan


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Greek alphabet
Arvanitic, Greek

Today the Greek alphabet is used to write Greek and occasionally Arvanitic, however at various times in the past it has been used to write such languages as Lydian, Phrygian, Thracian, Ancient Macedonian, Gaulish, Hebrew, Arabic, Old Ossetic, Albanian, Turkish, Aromanian, Gagauz, Surguch and Urum.


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Hebrew alphabet
Bukhori, Hebrew, Judeo-Arabic, Ladino, Yiddish

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Kannada alphabet
Kannada, Konkani


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Latin alphabet
Abenaki, Afaan Oromo, Afar, Afrikaans, Ainu, Akan, Alabama, Albanian, Aleut, Alsatian, Apache, Aragonese, Aranese, Arapaho, Aromanian, Arrernte, Arvanitic, Asturian, Aymara, Azeri, Bambara, Bashkir, Basque, Belarusian, Bemba, Bikol, Bislama, Breton, Burushaski, Catalan, Cayuga, Cebuano, Chamorro, Chavacano, Chechen, Cheyenne, Cimbrian, Chichewa, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Comanche, Cornish, Corsican, Cape Verdean Creole, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dawan, Delaware, Dholuo, Dinka, Drehu, Duala, Dutch, English, Esperanto, Estonian, Ewe, Ewondo, Eyak, Faroese, Fijian, Filipino, Filipino, Finnish, Folkspraak, French, Frisian, Friulian, Ga, Gagauz, Galician, Ganda, Garo, Genoese, German, Gooniyandi, Greenlandic, Guadeloupean Creole, Guarani, Gugadja/Kukatja, Gwich’in, Haida, Haitian Creole, Hän, Hausa, Hawaiian, Herero, Hiligaynon, Hixkaryana, Hopi, Hotcąk, Hungarian, Icelandic, Ido, Igbo, Ilocano, Indonesian, Interglossa, Interlingua, Iñupiaq, Irish, Italian, Jamaican Creole, Javanese, Jèrriais, Kabyle, Kaingang, Kala Lagaw Ya, Kapampangan, Karakalpak, Karamojong, Karelian, Kashubian, Kinyarwanda, Kiribati, Kirundi, Klallam, Klamath, Konkani, Kurdish, Kwakiutl, Lingala, Latin, Latino sine Flexione, Latvian, Lingua Franca Nova, Lithuanian, Livonian, Lojban, Lombard, Low Saxon, Luxembourgish, Maasai, Makhuwa, Malagasy, Malay, Maltese, Mandekan, Manx, Māori, Marshallese, Meriam Mir, Miami, Mi'kmaq, Mirandese, Mohawk, Montagnais, Moriori, Mundari, Murrinh-Patha, Nagamese, Nahuatl, Nama, Naskapi, Navajo, Naxi, Ndebele, Neapolitan, Ngiyambaa, Niuean, Noongar, Norwegian, Northern Sotho, Novial, Nǀuu, Occidental, Occitan, Okinawan, O'odham, Oneida, Old Norse, OshiWambo, Ossetian, Papiamento, Piedmontese, Pirahã, Pitjantjatjara, Polish, Pomo (Eastern), Portuguese, Potawatomi, Quechua, Rarotongan, Rotokas, Romanian, Romansh, Romany, Rotuman, Saami/Sami, Saanich, Samoan, Sango, Sardinian, Scots, Scottish Gaelic, Seychelles Creole, Shavante, Shawnee, Shona, Sicilian, Silesian, Sioux, Slovak, Slovene, Slovio, Somali, Sorbian, Southern Sotho, Spanish, Swahili, Swati/Swazi, Swedish, Tagalog, Tahitian, Tatar, Taiwanese, Tetum, Tlingit, Tok Pisin, Tongan, Tshiluba, Tsonga, Tsotsil, Tswana, Turkish, Turkmen, Tuscarora, Tuvaluan, Tuvan, Twi, Uyghur, Venetian, Vietnamese, Volapük, Võro, Wakhi, Walloon, Warlpiri, Waray-Waray, Wayuu, Welsh, Wik-Mungkan, Wiradjuri, Wolof, Xhosa, Yapese, Yindjibarndi, Yolngu, Yoruba, Zapotec, Zazaki, Zhuang, Zulu


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Malayalam alphabet
Konkani, Malayalam


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Oriya alphabet
Mundari, Oriya


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Syriac alphabet
Aramaic, Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, Syriac


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Tibetan alphabet
Dzongkha (Bhutanese), Tibetan


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Tifinagh alphabet
Kabyle, Tamazight


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What is writing? | A-Z index | Writing direction index | Language index | Site map | Search this site


语言文字系统排序
这是t特色的语言清单，书面与它们写入系统安排。这不是一个对所有与每个文字书写系统的详尽清单。只有一些文字系统已经适应了写一个以上的语言。最广泛使用的文字是拉丁语，西里尔语和阿拉伯语字母。对所有的所有本网站特有的语言语文指数可在语言索引。

有些语言已经写了一个不同的书写系统在数年。例如，在中亚多国语言的原意是与阿拉伯字母，然后切换到拉丁字母20世纪20年代，然后在20世纪30年代或40年代的西里尔字母。有些转为拉丁字母在90年代或21世纪初。

请注意：用来写字母，如亚美尼亚，韩国和泰国只有一种语言，都没有包括在内。本页面只包括那些用来编写一种以上语言字母。如果您无法找到特定的文字或语言在这里，请看看在AZ索引或索引的语言。

书写系统
阿拉伯语，阿拉姆语，Baybayin，孟加拉，加拿大土著语音节，中文，西里尔文，希腊文，梵文，吉兹（埃塞俄比亚语），格鲁吉亚（Mkhedruli），希伯来语，卡纳达语，拉丁语，马拉雅拉姆语，奥里雅，叙利亚，藏，提非纳文


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阿拉伯字母
阿拉伯语，阿塞拜疆，俾路支人，波斯尼亚语，达里语，豪萨语，卡拜尔，孔卡尼语，克什米尔，哈萨克，库尔德人，吉尔吉斯斯坦，马来西亚，Mandekan，莫里斯科，普什图语，波斯语/波斯语，旁遮普语，舒巴基，信德语，Siraiki，鞑靼语，土耳其语，乌尔都语，维吾尔文
一些如波斯尼亚和土耳其，曾经与这些阿拉伯字母的书面语言，但现在通常使用不同的拼音，如拉丁美洲或西里尔文，写的。


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阿拉姆语/原希伯来字母
阿拉米文


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Baybayin音节表
伊洛果语，Kapampangan，他加禄语


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孟加拉语字母（东区戈麦/东理学Brahmic脚本）
阿萨姆语，孟加拉语，加罗语，曼尼普尔，蒙达语，Sylheti


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加拿大土著语音节
布莱克福特，开利，克里，因纽特语，纳斯卡皮，Ojibwe


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汉字
现代标准汉语，粤语，日语（汉字），韩国（汉字），越南（楚标称值）


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西里尔字母
阿巴扎，阿布哈兹，阿迪格，阿勒泰，阿尔奇，阿瓦尔，阿塞拜疆，巴尔卡尔，巴什基尔，白俄罗斯，保加利亚，布里亚特，车臣，楚科奇海，楚瓦什，克里米亚鞑靼，达尔格瓦文，东乡，埃里贾，即使，鄂温克，gagauz人，印古什，卡巴尔达，卡尔梅克，卡拉卡尔帕克，哈萨克，汉，基利金萨米，科米，科里亚克，库梅克文，库尔德人，吉尔吉斯斯坦，拉克，莱兹吉，新共同语言，马其顿，曼西，马里，解脱，摩尔多瓦，蒙古，赫哲，涅涅茨，Nivkh，旧教会斯拉夫语，奥塞梯人，俄罗斯，鲁塞尼亚语，塞尔维亚语，Slovio，Tabassaran，塔吉克，塔塔尔，Tsez，土库曼，图瓦，Ubykh，乌德穆尔特，乌克兰，维吾尔，乌孜别克，沃提克文，雅库特，卡吉尔，Yupik

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梵文字母
博杰普尔文，印地文，孔卡尼语，马拉地语，蒙达语，尼泊尔语，巴利语，梵语，信德语

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吉兹（埃塞俄比亚语）脚本
阿姆哈拉语，吉兹，提格里尼亚


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格鲁吉亚（Mkhedruli）字母
格鲁吉亚，拉兹，斯万


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希腊字母
Arvanitic，希腊

今天，希腊字母，是用来写希腊和偶尔Arvanitic但在不同时期，它过去一直被用来写吕底亚，弗里吉亚，色雷斯，古代马其顿，高卢语，希伯来语，阿拉伯语，旧奥塞梯，阿尔巴尼亚，土耳其等语言，亚美尼亚语，加告兹，Surguch和乌鲁姆。


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希伯来字母
布克里，希伯来文，犹太阿拉伯文，拉迪诺，意第绪语

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卡纳达语字母
卡纳达语，孔卡尼语


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拉丁字母
Abenaki，Afaan奥罗莫，阿法尔，南非荷兰语，阿伊努人，阿，阿拉巴马，阿尔巴尼亚，阿留申人，阿尔萨斯，阿帕奇，阿拉贡，Aranese，阿拉帕霍，亚美尼亚语，Arrernte，Arvanitic，阿斯图里亚斯，艾马拉语，阿塞拜疆，班巴拉，巴什基尔语，巴斯克语，白俄罗斯，本巴，毕库尔文，比斯拉马语，布列塔尼语，布鲁沙斯基，加泰罗尼亚语，卡尤加，宿务，查莫罗，Chavacano，车臣，夏延，Cimbrian，齐切瓦，奇卡索，乔克托，科曼奇，康沃尔，科西嘉，佛得角克里奥尔语，克罗地亚语，捷克语，丹麦语，大湾，特拉华，Dholuo，丁卡Drehu，杜阿拉，荷兰语，英语，世界语，爱沙尼亚语，埃维，旺杜文，埃亚克，法罗群岛，斐济，菲律宾，菲律宾，芬兰，Folkspraak，法语，弗里斯兰语，弗留利，镓，Gagauz语，加利西亚语，甘，加罗语，热那亚，德国，Gooniyandi，格陵兰，Guadeloupean克里奥尔语，瓜拉尼，Gugadja / Kukatja，哥威迅，海达，海地克里奥尔语，韩，豪萨语，夏威夷，赫雷罗，希利盖农语，Hixkaryana，霍皮，Hotcąk，匈牙利语，冰岛语，井堂，伊博，伊洛果语，印尼语，Interglossa，国际语，优比亚克语，爱尔兰，意大利，牙买加克里奥尔语，爪哇语，Jèrriais，卡拜尔，Kaingang，卡拉Lagaw亚，Kapampangan，卡拉卡尔帕克，Karamojong，卡累利阿，卡舒比语，基尼亚卢旺达语，基里巴斯，基隆迪Klallam，克拉马斯，孔卡尼语，库尔德语，夸扣特尔人，林加拉语，拉丁语，拉丁国际语，拉脱维亚，新共同语言，立陶宛，利沃尼亚，逻辑文，伦巴第，低撒克逊，卢森堡，马赛，Makhuwa，马达加斯加，马来西亚，马耳他，Mandekan，马恩岛，毛利，马绍尔，梅里亚姆和平号空间站，迈阿密，米克马格，米兰德斯文，莫霍克，蒙塔格奈，Moriori，蒙达语，Murrinh -帕特哈，Nagamese，纳瓦特尔，纳马，纳斯卡皮，纳瓦霍，纳西，恩德贝勒，那不勒斯，Ngiyambaa，纽埃，Noongar，挪威，北索托，诺维亚语，ñ |支原体，西方，奥克，冲绳，O'odham，奥内达，古诺尔斯，OshiWambo，奥塞梯，帕皮阿门托，皮埃蒙特，皮拉罕，Pitjantjatjara人，波兰，泼墨（东区），葡萄牙文，波塔瓦托米人，克丘亚语，拉罗，Rotokas，罗马尼亚，罗曼什语，吉普赛，罗图马，萨米/萨米，桑列治，萨摩亚，桑戈语，撒丁岛，苏格兰，苏格兰盖尔语，塞舌尔克里奥尔语，Shavante，肖尼，绍纳，西西里，西里西亚，苏，斯洛伐克语，斯洛文尼亚语，Slovio，索马里，索布语，南部索托，西班牙语，斯瓦希里语，斯瓦特/斯威士兰，瑞典，菲律宾语，塔希提，塔塔尔，台湾，德顿语，特里吉特，托克皮辛文，汤加，奇鲁巴语，聪加语，Tsotsil，茨瓦纳，土耳其，土库曼，图斯卡罗拉，图瓦卢，图瓦，契维语，维吾尔语，威尼斯，越南，沃拉普克文，佛罗，Wakhi，瓦隆，Warlpiri，瓦赖文-瓦赖文，瓦羽，威尔士，Wik的，Mungkan，Wiradjuri，沃洛夫语，科萨语，雅浦，Yindjibarndi，Yolngu，约鲁巴语，萨巴特克，扎扎其语，壮，祖鲁


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马拉雅拉姆语字母
孔卡尼语，马拉雅拉姆语


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奥里亚语字母
蒙达语，奥里亚语


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叙利亚字母
阿拉姆语，亚述理学亚拉姆语，叙利亚


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藏文字母
宗卡语（不丹），藏


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提非纳文字母表
卡拜尔，柏柏尔语


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什么是文字？ | AZ索引|书写方向指数|语言索引|网站地图|搜索本网站

           各种字母书写系统的语言排序
     各种字母系统用来书写的语言，最主要的有拉丁字母、西里尔字母、阿拉伯字母三种，另外梵文系列的印度文字归纳为一大系列，因为字母具有相似性，区域集中性。
    对应的主要语言是英语、俄语、阿拉伯语和印地语。很多语言是有多个字母表写系统，有的是经常在拉丁、西里尔、阿拉伯字母之间变化表写。
   所以学习不同外语，需要重点掌握拉丁字母表写系统、西里尔字母表写系统、阿拉伯字母表写系统和梵文字母系列表写系统，可以学会大量语言的字母表写系统，由于字母表写的语言种类多，学会了一种就学会了大量的语言。而学习语言首先要学会的是英语、俄语、阿拉伯语和印地语，因为他们在四大字母表写系统中最具代表性。
    书写系统 （超过2个以上多语言的字母表写系统19个）
阿拉伯语，阿拉姆语，Baybayin，孟加拉，加拿大土著语音节，中文，西里尔文，希腊文，梵文，吉兹（埃塞俄比亚语），格鲁吉亚（Mkhedruli），希伯来语，卡纳达语，拉丁语，马拉雅拉姆语，奥里雅，叙利亚，藏，提非纳文
   按照每种字母表写系统表写的语言多少来排序：
  1.拉丁字母 共计可写253种语言

Latin alphabet
Abenaki阿巴纳, Afaan Oromo  阿法尔奥罗莫, Afar阿法尔, Afrikaans南非荷兰语, Ainu阿伊努人, Akan阿卡, Alabama阿拉巴马, Albanian阿尔巴尼亚, Aleut阿留申人, Alsatian阿尔萨斯, Apache阿帕奇, Aragonese阿拉贡, Aranese阿兰, Arapaho阿拉帕霍, Aromanian亚美尼亚语, Arrernte, Arvanitic, Asturian阿斯图里亚斯, Aymara艾马拉语, Azeri阿塞拜疆, Bambara班巴拉, Bashkir巴什基尔语, Basque巴斯克语, Belarusian,白俄罗斯 Bemba本巴, Bikol毕库尔文，, Bislama比斯拉马语, Breton布列塔尼语, Burushaski布鲁沙斯基, Catalan加泰罗尼亚语, Cayuga卡尤加, Cebuano宿务, Chamorro查莫罗, Chavacano卡维克诺, Chechen车臣, Cheyenne夏延, Cimbrian斯姆巴利亚, Chichewa齐切瓦, Chickasaw奇卡索, Choctaw乔克托, Comanche科曼奇, Cornish康沃尔, Corsican科西嘉, Cape Verdean Creole佛得角克里奥尔语, Croatian克罗地亚语, Czech捷克语, Danish丹麦语, Dawan大湾, Delaware,特拉华， Dholuo德哈罗, Dinka丁卡, Drehu德尔胡, Duala杜阿拉, Dutch荷兰语, English英语, Esperanto世界语, Estonian爱沙尼亚语, Ewe埃维, Ewondo旺杜文, Eyak埃亚克, Faroese法罗群岛, Fijian斐济, Filipino菲律宾1, Filipino菲律宾2, Finnish芬兰, Folkspraak福克斯巴黎, French法语, Frisian弗里斯兰语, Friulian弗留利, Ga镓, Gagauz咖嘎兹语, Galician加利西亚语, Ganda甘达语, Garo加罗语，, Genoese热那亚, German德国, Gooniyandi格尼雅迪, Greenlandic格陵兰, Guadeloupean Creole瓜的罗巴安 克里奥尔语, Guarani瓜拉尼 ,Gugadja/Kukatja库克特咖, Gwich’in哥威迅， Haida海达，, Haitian Creole海地克里奥尔语， Hän韩语, Hausa豪萨语， Hawaiian夏威夷， Herero赫雷罗，, Hiligaynon希利盖农语， Hixkaryana西卡拉亚语, Hopi霍皮，, Hotcąk霍的卡语, Hungarian匈牙利语， Icelandic冰岛语， Ido井堂， Igbo伊博，, Ilocano,伊洛果语， Indonesian印尼语，Interglossa, Interlingua,国际语， Iñupiaq优比亚克语，Irish爱尔兰， Italian意大利，Jamaican Creole,牙买加克里奥尔语，Javanese加瓦语, Jèrriais, Kabyle卡拜尔，, Kaingang，Kala Lagaw Ya卡拉啦噶亚，, , Kapampangan卡巴姆班咖, 爪哇语，Karakalpak卡拉卡尔帕克， Karamojong, Karelian卡累利阿， Kashubian卡舒比语，, Kinyarwanda基尼亚卢旺达语， Kiribati基里巴斯， Kirundi基隆迪, Klallam卡拉姆, Klamath卡拉马斯, Konkani孔卡尼语， Kurdish库尔德语，Kwakiutl夸扣特尔语, Lingala林加拉语, Latin拉丁语， Latino sine Flexione拉丁国际语, Latvian拉脱维亚, Lingua Franca Nova新共同语言, Lithuanian立陶宛, Livonian利沃尼亚，, Lojban逻辑文, Lombard伦巴第, Low Saxon低撒克逊, Luxembourgish卢森堡，, Maasai马赛， Makhuwa马克苏瓦, Malagasy马达加斯加， Malay马来西亚, Maltese马耳他， Mandekan马德肯, Manx马恩岛， Māori毛利， Marshallese马绍尔， Meriam Mir梅里亚姆, Miami迈阿密， Mi'kmaq米克马格， Mirandese米兰德斯文， Mohawk莫霍克， Montagnais蒙塔格奈， Moriori莫里奥语, Mundari蒙达语， Murrinh-Patha莫林-巴塔哈, Nagamese纳咖姆, Nahuatl纳瓦特尔， Nama纳马， Naskapi纳斯卡皮， Navajo纳瓦霍， Naxi纳西，, Ndebele恩德贝勒， Neapolitan那不勒斯，Ngiyambaa诺基亚姆巴, Niuean纽埃， Noongar诺纳伽, Norwegian挪威， Northern Sotho北索托， Novial诺维亚语， Nǀuu纳尔语, Occidental西方语, Occitan奥克， Okinawan冲绳， O'odham, Oneida奥内达， Old Norse古诺尔斯， OshiWambo奥赛哇姆巴, Ossetian奥塞梯， Papiamento帕皮阿门托， Piedmontese皮埃蒙特， Pirahã皮拉罕，Pitjantjatjara, Polish波兰， Pomo (Eastern)泼墨（东区）， Portuguese葡萄牙文， Potawatomi波塔瓦托米人， Quechua克丘亚语， Rarotongan拉罗， Rotokas, Romanian罗马尼亚， Romansh罗曼什语， Romany吉普赛， Rotuman罗图马， Saami/Sami萨米/萨米， Saanich桑列治， Samoan萨摩亚，, Sango桑戈语，Sardinian撒丁岛， Scots苏格兰， Scottish Gaelic苏格兰盖尔语， Seychelles Creole塞舌尔克里奥尔语， Shavante沙发特, Shawnee肖尼， Shona绍纳， Sicilian西西里， Silesian西里西亚， Sioux苏科斯， Slovak斯洛伐克语， Slovene斯洛文尼亚语， Slovio, Somali索马里， Sorbian索布语， Southern Sotho南部索托， Spanish西班牙语， Swahili斯瓦希里语， Swati/Swazi瑞典， Swedish菲律宾语， Tagalog塔伽罗， Tahitian塔希提， Tatar塔塔尔， Taiwanese台湾, Tetum德顿语， Tlingit特里吉特， Tok Pisin托克皮辛文， Tongan汤加， Tshiluba奇鲁巴语， Tsonga聪加语， Tsotsil, Tswana茨瓦纳， Turkish土耳其， Turkmen土库曼， Tuscarora图斯卡罗拉， Tuvaluan图瓦卢， Tuvan图瓦， Twi契维语， Uyghur维吾尔语， Venetian威尼斯， Vietnamese越南， Volapük沃拉普克文， Võro佛罗， Wakhi瓦克西, Walloon瓦隆， Warlpiri瓦尔比利, Waray-Waray瓦赖文-瓦赖文， Wayuu瓦羽， Welsh威尔士， Wik-Mungkan, Wiradjuri, Wolof沃洛夫语， Xhosa科萨语， Yapese雅浦， Yindjibarndi, Yolngu, Yoruba约鲁巴语， Zapotec萨巴特克，  Zazaki扎扎其语， Zhuang壮语, Zulu 祖鲁

2 西里尔字母 67种语言
Cyrillic alphabet      
Cyrillic alphabet
Abaza阿巴扎, Abkhaz阿布哈兹, Adyghe阿迪格, Altay阿勒泰, Archi阿尔奇, Avar阿瓦尔, Azeri阿塞拜疆, Balkar巴尔卡尔, Bashkir巴什基尔, Belarusian白俄罗斯, Bulgarian保加利亚, Buryat布里亚特, Chechen车臣, Chukchi楚科奇海, Chuvash楚瓦什, Crimean Tatar克里米亚鞑靼, Dargwa 达尔格瓦文, Dungan东乡, Erzya埃里贾, Even艾文, Evenki鄂温克, Gagauz, Ingush印古什, Kabardian卡巴尔达, Kalmyk卡尔梅克， Karakalpak卡拉卡尔帕克, Kazakh哈萨克, Khanty, Kildin Sami基利金萨米, Komi科米, Koryak科里亚克, Kumyk库梅克文, Kurdish库尔德人, Kyrghyz,吉尔吉斯斯坦， Lak拉克,，Lezgi莱兹吉, Lingua Franca Nova新共同语言, Macedonian马其顿, Mansi曼西, Mari马里, Moksha莫科萨, Moldovan摩尔多瓦，, Mongolian蒙古，, Nanai,赫哲， Nenets涅涅茨, Nivkh, Old Church Slavonic旧教会斯拉夫语, Ossetian奥塞梯语, Russian俄罗斯, Ruthenian鲁塞尼亚语, Serbian塞尔维亚语, Slovio, Tabassaran, Tajik塔吉克, Tatar塔塔尔, Tsez, Turkmen土库曼, Tuvan图瓦, Ubykh, Udmurt乌德穆尔特, Ukrainian乌克兰, Uyghur维吾尔, Uzbek乌孜别克 ,Votic沃提克文, Yakut,雅库特 Yukaghir卡吉尔, Yupik


3 阿拉伯字母 25种语言
Arabic alphabet  
Arabic阿拉伯语， Azeri阿塞拜疆， Baluchi俾路支人， Bosnian波斯尼亚语， Dari达里语， Hausa豪萨语， Kabyle卡拜尔， Konkani孔卡尼语， Kashmiri克什米尔， Kazakh哈萨克， Kurdish库尔德人， Kyrghyz吉尔吉斯斯坦， Malay马来西亚， Mandekan, Morisco莫里斯科， Pashto普什图语， Persian/Farsi波斯语/波斯语， Punjabi旁遮普语， Shabaki舒巴基， Sindhi信德语， Siraiki, Tatar鞑靼语， Turkish土耳其语， Urdu乌尔都语， Uyghur维吾尔文 
 
阿拉伯字母Arabic alphabet
Mandekan，Siraiki，一些如波斯尼亚和土耳其，曾经与这些阿拉伯字母的书面语言，但现在通常使用不同的拼音，如拉丁美洲或西里尔文，写的。

4 希腊字母 16个（目前2个，历史上15个）
Greek alphabet                 
目前2个：Arvanitic, Greek希腊 
历史16个：Today the Greek alphabet希腊字母 is used to write Greek希腊语 and occasionally Arvanitic语, however at various times in the past it has been used to write such languages as Lydian吕底亚语, Phrygian弗里吉亚语, Thracian色雷斯语, Ancient Macedonian古代马其顿语, Gaulish高卢语, Hebrew希伯来语, Arabic阿拉伯语, Old Ossetic旧奥塞梯, Albanian阿尔巴尼亚, Turkish土耳其, Aromanian亚美尼亚语, Gagauz加告兹, Surguch苏尔歌茨 and Urum乌鲁姆.

Arvanitic阿尔瓦语，希腊语
今天，希腊字母，是用来写希腊和偶尔Arvanitic但在不同时期，它过去一直被用来写吕底亚，弗里吉亚，色雷斯，古代马其顿，高卢语，希伯来语，阿拉伯语，旧奥塞梯，阿尔巴尼亚，土耳其等语言，亚美尼亚语，加告兹，Surguch和乌鲁姆。

5 梵文字母 9个语言
Devanagari alphabet 
Bhojpuri博杰普尔文， Hindi印地文， Konkani孔卡尼语， Marathi马拉地语， Mundari蒙达语， Nepali尼泊尔语， Pali巴利语， Sanskrit梵语， Sindhi信德语  


6 汉字 6个语种
Chinese script    
Chinese script
Modern Standard Chinese现代标准汉语， Cantonese粤语， Japanese (kanji)日语（汉字）， Korean (hanja)韩国（汉字）， Vietnamese (chữ-nôm)越南（楚标称值） 

7   孟加拉语字母（东区戈麦/东理学Brahmic脚本） 6个语言

Bengali alphabet (Eastern Nagari / Eastern Neo-Brahmic script)

Assamese阿萨姆语，, Bengai孟加拉语， Garo加罗语， Manipuri曼尼普尔， Mundari蒙达语
, Sylheti

8  加拿大土著语音节 6个                    
 Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics     
Blackfoot布莱克福特， Carrier开利， Cree克里， Inuktitut因纽特语， Naskapi纳斯卡皮， Ojibwe

9  希伯来字母 5个
Hebrew alphabet 
Bukhori布克里，, Hebrew希伯来文， Judeo-Arabic犹太阿拉伯文， Ladino拉迪诺， Yiddish 意第绪语

10 Baybayin音节表 3个
 Baybayin syllabary     

洛果语，Kapampangan，他加禄语

11 吉兹（埃塞俄比亚语）脚本 3个
 Ge'ez (Ethiopic) script  
Amharic阿姆哈拉语， Ge'ez吉兹，   Tigrinya 提格里尼亚 
 
 12 格鲁吉亚（Mkhedruli）字母 3个 
Georgian (Mkhedruli) alphabet         
    Ilocano, Kapampangan, Tagalog 

Georgian格鲁吉亚， Laz拉兹， Svan斯万  


13 叙利亚字母 3个

Syriac alphabet            
Aramaic阿拉姆语， Assyrian Neo-Aramaic亚述理学亚拉姆语， Syriac 叙利亚

14 卡纳达语字母 2个语言
Kannada alphabet          
卡纳达语，孔卡尼语

15 马拉雅拉姆语字母 2个语言
Malayalam alphabet              

孔卡尼语，马拉雅拉姆语



16 奥里亚语字母 2个语言

蒙达语，奥里亚语

17  藏文字母 2个


宗卡语（不丹），藏
18 提非纳文字母表 2个

卡拜尔，柏柏尔语
19 阿拉姆语/原希伯来字母 Aramaic/Proto-Hebrew alphabet
阿拉米文



阿姆哈拉语，吉兹，提格里尼亚