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私立教育-中国最具前途的新兴产业

级别: 管理员
China Goes for Private Lessons

Boshen Kindergarten in Shanghai got warm water in its washrooms this year. The 20-year-old school on a tree-lined street here also got fresh paint, new desks and chairs and a bunch of new teachers. Walls were torn out to make classrooms bigger, and staff now disinfect toys more frequently. The reason: The formerly government-run school has a new owner -- a private company that also runs a kindergarten in Hong Kong.

Boshen is part of an enormous experiment that the Chinese government is quietly allowing: private investment in schools, long a state concern. The first private schools emerged in the late 1980s, but their popularity has exploded in recent years as the more affluent middle and upper classes insist on better education for their children. Private schools draw tens of thousands of children from kindergarten on up to college and graduate school.


Although education is a particularly sensitive field for the Chinese state -- much more so than, say, manufacturing -- authorities are enthusiastic about the process. "Education is undergoing tremendous change now," says Olive Koo, managing partner of Hong Zhi (China) Education, the company running Boshen. "In districts like this one, where the government has a huge responsibility to take care of the teachers, the pensions, stuff like that, there is a strong need to pass that burden to private institutions and owners."

The market is huge. In 2002, Chinese consumers spent more than $40 billion on education. Eduventures.com, a U.S.-based research firm, expects that to climb to $90 billion in 2005. And because of Beijing's one-child policy, many parents can pay out substantial portions of their incomes for their children. The average Chinese family sets aside 10% of its savings for education, according to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. After housing, it is the largest consumer expenditure for Chinese families.

"China is really quite a good hunting ground for education," says Andrew Khaw of International Enterprise Singapore -- a group helping Singaporean businesses to invest overseas.

Many parents are willing to shell out in return for a payoff in terms of better schools and placements. Hu Wenjie in Beijing says her family saved 10,000 yuan ($1,200) so her five-year-old daughter can attend a private bilingual school in 2004. "I was educated at a public school," she says. "I know what it's like. Their education is outdated and can't meet the requirements for the new century."


Indeed for top nouveaux riches, cost is little obstacle. The 3+3 Kindergarten in suburban Shanghai, for instance, is a bright facility in a private housing complex with lawns, plastic slides and basketball hoops. Some 250 students aged from two to six (20% foreign and 80% Chinese) scamper around, and climb staircases with signs teaching them to count the steps -- in English.

The school, a joint venture between the local education bureau and a Taiwan company, is so well endowed that students from nearby public schools visit it to borrow books. Tuition is 2,000 yuan a month -- roughly a junior teacher's monthly salary. How can that make economic sense? "China has a one-child policy," explains Sam Wu, the school's Taiwanese president. "Six family members raise one child, so they can afford it."

Foreign investors remain banned from several areas of education including religious education and compulsory primary-school education from grades one to nine. Foreign investors can set up kindergartens, but only in joint ventures and only if the local partner has a majority of the school's governing board. Under Ministry of Education rules, foreign investors involved with running schools in China must also be legal education providers.

But sometimes rules vary between regions. The city of Chongqing, for example, has allowed Singaporean businessmen to establish an international school that includes primary-school grades. The joint venture is officially considered a local company.

And despite the plethora of regulations, it's getting easier for foreigners to invest in education ventures as the government begins to encourage the trend. Even when regulations pose a technical roadblock, "if you can find someone to work with you, you can do it," says Bill Crampton, president of Shanghai-based Boston Training Technologies, which provides educational services such as specialized English programs.

Fritz Libby, a founder of Shanghai-based Global Education Information Consulting Co., estimates that breaking even in private education will become easier as demand grows. "There are fewer places in government high schools for the upcoming wave of students, and that's why everybody is investing in private education," he says. "The government thinks that students should not be going overseas in such numbers," -- Mr. Libby estimates that 50,000 apply each year to study at high schools and universities overseas -- "so they've penned new rules allowing foreign companies to come in and internationalize private high schools."

His company is working with Dulwich College, a British boarding school founded in 1619, to launch affiliate schools in Shanghai and Suzhou. The fees aren't cheap. Kindergarten charges range from 3,000 to 4,000 yuan a month for Chinese students and from 7,000 yuan to 12,000 yuan a month for expatriate students. The international primary-school tuition will cost $18,000 to $20,000 a year. In high school, Chinese students will pay $8,000 to $12,000; expatriate children will pay $20,000.

For its part, Dulwich College in London says it will use the royalties it receives to provide grants to students who can't afford to attend its boarding school in Britain. By partnering in China, it also raises the school's profile in Asia.
私立教育-中国最具前途的新兴产业

今年,上海博绅幼儿园(Boshen Kindergarten,音译)的盥洗室终于有了热水。这所已有20年历史坐落于上海城北一条林荫道上的学校还粉刷一新,更换了全新的桌椅,并有了一批新老师。一些教室的墙被推倒以增大教室的空间,现在工作人员对玩具的消毒也比以前频繁了。发生这些变化的理由只有一个,那就是:这所原先由政府主办的学校已经易主,新所有者是在香港经营另外一所幼儿园的一个私人公司。

博绅不过是中国政府悄然进行的一项巨大试验的其中一例:允许私人对一直是政府管辖范围的学校进行投资。中国第一批私立学校在上个世纪80年代末出现,但近年来由于更多富裕的中、上阶层坚持要使他们的子女获得更好的教育,私立学校开始备受欢迎。从幼儿园到大学再到研究生院,私立学校吸引了成千上万的孩子。

尽管对国家而言,教育是一个特别敏感的领域,其敏感程度甚至大大超过了制造业等行业,但有关当局对上述变革仍十分热心。宏智教育(Hong Zhi (China) Education)的合伙管理人Olive Koo表示,教育领域正在发生巨大的变化。他说,在某些地区,政府肩负著照管教师、提供养老金等重大职责,目前,将这些负担转向私人机构和所有者的需求非常强烈。博绅幼儿园现在由宏智教育管理。 这个市场十分巨大。2002年,中国消费者对教育的投入超过了400亿美元。据美国的研究公司Eduventures.com预测,这一数字到2005年将提高到900亿美元。另外,由于中国奉行只生一个孩子的政策,许多家长会将收入中相当大的一部分花在孩子身上。据联合国教科文组织(United Nations Educational)的数据,中国家庭平均将存款的10%用于教育。继住房之后,教育是中国家庭最大的消费支出。新加坡国际企业发展局(International Enterprise Singapore)的Andrew Khaw说,中国的确是教育行业寻求发展机会的好地方。新加坡国际企业发展局是一个帮助新加坡企业寻找海外投资机会的机构。

许多家长愿意付出金钱,以换取更好的教育和就业机会。北京的胡文洁(Hu Wenjie, 音译)说,她家已准备了人民币1万元(合1,200美元),好让她5岁的女儿在2004年上双语学校。她说:"我小时候是在公立学校接受的教育,我知道那里的情况,他们的教育已经过时了,不能满足新世纪的要求。"

事实上,对那些最富裕的新贵来说,费用不成问题。上海郊区的3+3幼儿园设施齐全,位于一个私家住宅区内,这里有草坪、塑料滑梯和篮球框。年龄从2岁到6岁的大约250位学生(其中20%是外国人,80%是中国人)在里面蹦蹦跳跳,爬上印有英语数字标记的楼梯。

这所幼儿园是当地教育局和一家台湾公司合办的,它得到的捐助如此之丰,以致于附近公立学校的学生都来这里借书。这里的学费是每个月2,000元,和一个资历较浅的教师的月薪基本相当。这怎么解释?这所学校的台湾董事长Sam Wu说,中国实行只生一个孩子的政策,6个家庭成员养育一个孩子,因此能负担的起这样高的费用。

尽管监管规定多如牛毛,但外国投资者涉足教育行业正变得容易起来。政府通常会鼓励中外合资办教育。但中国禁止外国投资者进入9年的义务教育领域。另外,中国也禁止外国投资者提供宗教教育。根据教育部(Ministry of Education)的规定,在中国管理学校的外国投资者必须是合法的教育提供商。

外国投资者可以开办幼儿园,但必须是通过合资的形式,而且当地的合资伙伴在学校的管理委员会中必须占多数。但有时不同的地区规定会有所不同。例如,重庆市就允许新加坡的商人创立了一所包括小学在内的国际学校。政府将这所合资的学校视为本地的公司。

由于缺乏明确的规定,得到当地教育管理当局的合作就变得十分重要。上海波士顿培训技术公司(Boston Training Technologies)的总裁Bill Crampton说:"即使监管规定成为一个技术上的障碍,如果你能找到合作伙伴,你仍然可以做到"。波士顿培训技术公司是一家提供诸如专业英语培训项目等教育服务的公司。

然而,有时就需要一些别出心裁的独创性。比如Koo对博绅幼儿园的收购。近年来,上海市教育委员会一再向各区政府表示,可以将部分公共学校交给私人经营。在香港工作的Koo于2002年获悉可以有机会得到博绅的经营权,她就请她的姐姐-一个上海本地人-代表她参加竞标。

Koo签署了一项租约,并开始通过在公立场所散发传单和借社区社团之手向社会推介这所幼儿园。2003年6月,原来的学校放暑假,工人进入学校开始了装修和改建。等孩子们返校上课时,学校已经有一半成为私立的了,楼上的两个班由国家指派的教师教学,楼下的两个年龄较小的班,总共60个孩子则由私立学校的老师负责教学。2004年当楼上两个班的孩子都毕业之后,整个学校都将由Koo的公司来管理了。

人们对这所幼儿园的兴趣很大,因此,Koo已经开始考虑再增加一个班。她说:"当地学校有很多有待改进的地方,比如,对学生的尊重、教学设备、管理和卫生水平等等。她已派教师到香港的学校培训,聘任了双语教师,并试图打破分级教育的教学方式。她预计,明年她的投资也许就能实现收支平衡。

上海Global Education Information Consulting Co. (GEICC)的创始人弗利兹?利比(Fritz Libby)估计,由于需求的不断增加,私立教育机构实现收支平衡将变得更容易。根据某些人的估计,在不到10年的时间内,中国大学的入学人数增加了两倍,这使得对教育的整体需求有所增加。如果中国的学生在初中考试中没有良好的表现,就不能在很好的更高一级的公立学府中赢得一席之地。利比估计,每年有5万名中国学生申请就读于国外的高中和大学。

他说:"政府主办的高中招生数量有限,因为人人都对私立学校感兴趣。政府认为,不应该让那么多的学生去海外,因此,他们起草了新的规定,允许外国公司进入,并使私立高中国际化。"

GEICC正在与创建于1619年的、久负盛名的英国寄宿学校达威奇学院(Dulwich College)合作,准备在上海和苏州开办分校,并在寻求向北京和华南扩展业务的机会。在其泰国合伙企业集团Saha Union的协助下,GEICC于2003年8月在上海开办了达威奇学院幼儿园,招收中外儿童。Saha Union总裁,前总理阿南?班雅拉春(Anand Panyarachun)曾是伦敦达威奇学院的一名学生。GEICC正在为在华外籍人士的子女创建一所初级学校,这所学校定于2004年9月开学,将招收年龄在6至14岁之间的孩子。另外,GEICC还在和上海一所高级中学进行谈判,打算建立一所达威奇学院的合资高中,招收当地及外籍中学生。

他们合资创办高级中学的模式将被移植到苏州。GEICC已经和有900年历史的苏州中学(Suzhou Middle School)签署了一项协议,将于2004年8月开办一所高中。Saha Union向其在上海的学校投资了500万美元,GEICC将用收入偿还这笔投资。GEICC每年要为每个学生向达威奇学院支付一笔特许费,另外,每年还要向地产开发商支付50万美元的租金。"这种业务模式很棒,"利比说,"我们允许投资者向学校提供硬件,而我们则提供软件。"

他们收的学费可不便宜,幼儿园对中国学生的收费标准是每月人民币3,000-4,000元,而对外籍学生则是人民币7,000元(半天班)至人民币1.2万元(全天班)。利比说,中国家长在费用面前不会畏缩不前。他说:"人们开著豪华车来到学校,对昂贵的学费眼都不眨一下。"国际小学每年的学费是18,000-20,000美元。到了高中阶段,中国孩子的学费是8,000-12,000美元,外籍学生的学费是20,000美元。

达威奇学院在伦敦的母校则表示,将把所得的特许费用作助学金,提供给英国那些上不起他们的寄宿学校的学生。通过在中国合办学校,达威奇学院还提高了在亚洲的知名度,该校校长格莱汉姆?阿布勒(Graham Able)说:"在招生地区,学校品牌得到强化,知名度得以扩大。"

从工商管理硕士学位到会计、信息技术、软件工程及营销专业的文凭,继续教育是另一个吸引投资者的领域。以总部在新加坡的RafflesLaSalle为例,这所学校在中国大陆的合资学校教习设计,它和中国6个大城市的一些著名大学结成了合作关系。新加坡的另一家教育经营机构 Informatics在中国35座城市的65个中心教授商业管理课程和技术技能。Informatics首席执行长兼创始人Ong Boon Kheng表示,公立教育永远无法满足每个人的需要。而且,对特许经营者来说这是一项不错的投资。他说:"如果他们经营有方的话,可以在两年内得到回报。这是一项需要支付现金的业务,如果他们没有交钱,你就不教他们。"

但即使对谨慎的外国投资而言,教育也是一个困难重重的行业。新加坡的Julia Gabriel School of Speech and Drama和一个在上海拥有私立学校的合作伙伴谈判了15个月,但该校董事Francesca Chan说,在学校得知中国的合作伙伴有违法行为之后,一切都成为了泡影。目前,该校正在寻找新的伙伴,以便在上海开办针对从18个月到18岁各年龄段孩子的学校。

Chan指出,进入中国教育市场的障碍仍然很大。她说,申请合资办教育的许可是一个"艰难"而"冗长"的过程。上海市政府只在每年9月对申请进行一次批准。如果你的申请没有获得批准,你就要再等一年才能重新申请。"有许多学校都在申请,而据我所知,成功率并不是很高。"她补充说,"情况很复杂,每一条规定都有许多例外。我想,他们的确希望外资进入,但这仍是一个受到高度保护的行业。"

博绅的经营者Koo也曾遇到麻烦。找到愿意离开稳定的公立学校职位的老师并非易事,而当她招聘的校长要求签订一份10年期的合同时,她几乎要叫出声来。她说:"我最大的障碍是找到一些在公立学校有多年教学经验的好老师,他们有养老金,但我不能给他们终身养老金。"

她在收入方面也遇到了困难。2003年,区教育委员会给她规定的学费是每月人民币450-600元。但势态在往好的方面发展,2004年,她将能根据市场承受能力来收取学费。她说,学费几乎将翻一番。
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