The earth bay excavation report demonstrates many item of Chinese prehistoric civilization “” (the origin: Xinhua News Agency “this was one has been continuous 3000 historical long volume, from the agriculture, the building, the painted pottery manufactured to the drawing, earth bay archaeology each achievement is exciting, many have the important relations with Chinese civilization's origin and the development.”
the court attendant accumulates merit, the earth bay excavation discovery's participant and the report composition is always responsible, to work as 1,000,000 characters the archaeology works suspend when the front, he is also out of control joyful excited. He said: “this is a earth bay archaeology achievement centralism demonstration, not only has supplied the full and accurate archaeology material and the civilized information for the outside, moreover for this important ruins' protection, the use has provided the science basis.”
the earth bay ruins located at the Gansu Province Qin'an County five battalions of townships within the boundaries, embark from Lanzhou, go by car for 5 hours to be possible to arrive. The excavation discovery indicated that this is age remote Neolithic Age ruins, was from approximately 7800 to 4800, with the Xi'an Banpo, the Lintong ginger stronghold ruins was the same, with was one of Chinese civilization birthplaces.
“, because the earth bay's material is specially rich, reorganizes is not very easy, excavates the time to be long, the personnel have the change, also increased the work difficulty.”Beijing University Archaeology Museum of cultural relics Institute Professor Yan Wenming when makes the foreword for the excavation report said.
from the initial excavation to the entire archaeology report publication, the earth bay walked into the people field of vision already more than 20 years, because has experienced the long waiting, many people cared about achievement. In the 1980s, once presented one upsurge which explores the Chinese civilization to origin, in the middle of this, the earth bay archaeology is one which of luminescent spots pays attention specially.
along with excavation report the other day final publication, many civilizations “the luminescent spot” has unfolded completely, the agriculture becomes is at your convenience one. The archaeological discovery indicated that as early as before 9000, area Hangzhou bay south China already started the grow rice. Similarly, in the earth bay ruins, also some Chinese agriculture civilization's important discovery, this was the serial number is the H398 ruins unearthed is more than 7000 years millet, indicated that at that time already started this crops planter in China's north.
“this is in the domestic similar specimen most early, before it and Greece's Aerjisa, in the ceramic time stratum the unearthed millet time is equally matched, but Greece's specimen is the overseas earliest discovery.”The court attendant accumulated merit said that until today, in Gansu's some areas, the millet was still treated as the grain crops planter, indicated its vitality and to China agricultural development contribution.
is following millet's discovery, in the earth bay archaeology, the people have discovered massive Shi Zhi, the bone system production tool and over ten thousand animal skeletons. The experts believed that while is engaged in the grain planter, the earth bay people then started to tame the animal, the pig were already one of them, but also has the ox, the chicken, the dog and so on. Moreover, the earth bay people while carry on the combined agriculture and stock farm production method, has not given up the primitive hunting tradition, the docile deer's skeleton's inside and outside ruins massive discoveries is the evidence.
the house ruins are more common in the Chinese Neolithic archaeology, the earth bay is not exceptional. What is different, not only the earth bay's house ruins are rich, moreover the content is important. 1978 to 1984, in the lasted 7 year excavation discovery, the earth bay altogether discovered that house ruins 240, the experts believed that it is in China Neolithic Age archaeology richest house ruins discovered until now, regarding the prehistoric house construction with the Chinese history of architecture's research, the significance is important.
“it founded the later generation palace construction embryonic form, has designed the Chinese tradition construction structure construction earliest form.”Earth bay cultural relics preservation research institute Manager Cheng Xiaozhong said. In earth bay all construction ruins, besides at present discovered that Chinese earliest one-and-a-half batch of burrow circular house site, the most famous nothing better than is called by the people " the primitive meeting hall " the serial number is the F901 ruins.
“we can not but for this grand scale, the extraordinary breadth of spirit, the rigorous design, the excellent craft acclaim, also before is the construction achievement which 5000, the primitive ancients achieve gasps in admiration.”The F901 ruins construction a field of vision is open in earth bay, sunshine during full halfway up the mountainside, northern side this was one sits south, the bilateral symmetry giant building, the area has surpassed 400 square meters. The court attendant accumulated merit said that this was the scale which until now in the Chinese prehistoric archaeology discovered is biggest and preserves the best construction ruins.
“we can not but for this grand scale, the extraordinary breadth of spirit, the rigorous design, the excellent craft acclaim, also before is the construction achievement which 5000, the primitive ancients achieve gasps in admiration.”The F901 ruins construction a field of vision is open in earth bay, sunshine during full halfway up the mountainside, northern side this was one sits south, the bilateral symmetry giant building, the area has surpassed 400 square meters. The court attendant accumulated merit said that this was the scale which until now in the Chinese prehistoric archaeology discovered is biggest and preserves the best construction ruins.
compels admiration besides the ground construction scale and the craft, F901 is the F405 hardened ground also lets the human with another serial number praise to the heavens. “they were China ancient times in the history of architecture miracle, was in the present world the most ancient concretes.”Dunhuang Research institute Vice-President Li Zuixiong has conducted the research most early to this ground material, he said: “after 5000, this cementing material's compressive strength was still close 100 Portland cement.”
the earthenware is playing the strong character in the Chinese civilization's advancement, in the earth bay excavation discovery, this aspect also has the important discovery. According to the carbon 14 examinations, a earth bay issue of unearthed painted pottery was more than 7000 years, the experts thought that they were China knew the earliest painted pottery until now.
“West Asia Meisuobudamiya the northern Haxunna culture is in the world has painted pottery's culture most early, the earth bay culture and the Haxunna culture quite, therefore the earth bay culture is also in the world includes one of most early painted pottery's ancient civilizations.”Is engaged in the earth bay painted pottery research original Gansu Province museum Researcher Zhang Pengchuan said.
In the earth bay archaeology, the people have discovered two (group) the special painted pottery. One passes the height 31.8 centimeter shape lovable person capitiform mouth painted pottery bottle, this primitive artistic work by many people was revealed that is one of Chinese earliest Tao Su works; Other group China discovers the earliest gauge until now. “the people were only restricted in the weight and measure research were 2,000-3,000 year ago on the material object, the earth bay this batch of ancient times gauge's appearance, our country weight's and measure's material in kind will have been ahead of time for more than 2000 years.”Participation earth bay excavation report compilation's Gansu Province Institute of archaeology associate research fellow Zhao Jianlong said.
the writing and the drawing are the Chinese civilization two important carriers, in the earth bay unearthed earthenware, the archaeologists had discovered many are unable until now the writing mark which explains, although the people also exist to their function argued, but a plain pictorial representation's discovery actually indisputablly indicated that the earth bay people after the material life achieves the certain extent, already had the spiritual pursue.
this work in the serial number is in unearthed the F411 ruins ground, Bai Dehei the picture, the picture place above is two character images, underneath in a rectangle's frame, draws has two zoomorphisms. “the earth bay draws is not on the attachment and utensil's decoration painting, is the intellectual production product purely, is our country primitive society only sees at present has the independent drawing, has in the Chinese history of art initiates the significance.”Zhang Pengchuan said.
in China, the excavation reported that is only to a former archaeology achievement centralism demonstration, announces the material also to further study. Therefore the expert believed that the earth bay is also possibly not limited to this to the Chinese prehistoric civilization's main contribution.
China discovers
(the technical volumeⅣWhich did the scientific miracle explore ancient times behind the technical big invention story)
the China taoist priests to have in chemistry domain to contribute? Why can the Chinese ancient astronomy achieve the huge achievement? Mainland nationality for assorted Yao Yao with “water” struggle? Why does China start like this many “the big project”? In China, is actually the agriculture taken what degree? What behind is the mausoleum culture's philosophy significance? ...... in the Chinese civilization once had had too many secrets, conquers the nature, in the transformation natural great historic course in the Chinese nation, knows “the Four Big Inventions besides the human to be bright” widely, from the ancient times before the 18th century, the Chinese nation in domains and so on agriculture, astronomy, building, military, botanical garden, city have also achieved the astonishing achievement. "China Discovered that the IV-- Science Miracle" with modern scientific angle of view, explored China ancient times behind the technical big invention story, as well as how did these invent promoted the world civilization advancement.
table of contents:
first chapter of impetus world civilization's China invented large scientific and technological country /4
ancient times's invention and creation /6
gunpowder invention /7
compass's invention /17
papermaking technique invention /23
printing method invention /28
which led the second chapter of China's calendar and celestial phenomenon research
calendar recorded time /38
leap year month's establishment /40
the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches becomes sixty year cycle /41
28 constellation /43
solar eclipse lunar eclipse celestial phenomenon research /45
the China ancient times's sky map /47
water transportation muddy meter's achievement /50
terrestrial globe's ancient times embryonic form /51
“government operated” ancient times astronomy /52
Chinese ancient times's astrology /55
the China ancient times's celestial phenomenon recorded /54
Chinese ancient times's observatory /56
the China ancient times to measure the day measured land knowledge /58
Chinese ancient times's mathematics achievement /59
Chinese ancient times's time instrument /62
The third chapter king's palace
Chinese palace construction's development /68
Arab League severe palace - - beginning Emperor's big palace /72
dignified grand Han Dynasty palace /75… is once celebrated Ming Dynasty palace /74… the Forbidden City - - China ancient architecture miracle /77
venerated the Saint ancestor worthy people of former times's sacrificial offering to construct in /79
fourth chapter of Chinese ancient times's urban
Western Han Dynasty's Chang An city /84
international metropolis Tang Dynasty capital city /85
nomads urban /87…
lively commercial community /88
in the gaugeMoment Beijing /89
fifth chapter of military construction miracle
Chinese ancient times's city garrison facility /94
China's city wall culture /95. world miracle - - Great Wall /g8
sixth chapter of man-made fairyland's garden structure
sincere mystical royal family botanical garden /104
highest achievement - - Old Summer Palace /107
private botanical garden's development /113
Suzhou botanical garden armor world /114
seventh chapter of China's traditional common people residence
prehistoric humanity's common people residence /122
wood construction system /123
the pavilion construction was fashionable for a time /125
two-story dwelling built by various ethnic groups in south china type style common people residence /127
nomads' common people residence /127
oriental pearl - - central courtyard courtyard /128
eighth chapter of soul's residence - - mausoleum construction
grave development /154
king's home to return to /135
Huang Changti collects /138
the mausoleum ground to construct /140
The ninth chapter “the water” in life mainland nationality
fable Da Yu regulating waterways /144
torrential Yellow River water /146
the ancient times's Yangtze River governed /155
ancient times's artificial water conservation irrigation system /157
ancient times's river navigation network /171
tenth chapter of foundation - - agriculture
advanced agricultural science and farming techniques /182
fine peerless words spinning and weaving /190
ancient times's fishing animal husbandry /193
the gardens industry development /197
the d and women weave cloth ideal to live /1 98
the country take the agriculture as this /201
agricultural science's succinct /207
ancient times's agronomy monograph /216
the 11th chapter of empire handed over general history legendary
legendary western region road of /220
East and West economic civilization line of communication - - Silk Road /225
the Tangxuanzhuang Western Paradise to learn from experienced people /236
empire navigation history /240
empire cultural exchange /255
the book to pick: after
Henan Anyang, in the hillock Mt. Longshan cultural stratum, once discovered the loam wall. Recent years, ascended in Henan confers the title of prince upon city post and the Huai second tone commissariat, also discovered the Henan Longshan culture time the castle. Wang Chenggang the castle, has thing two the city, assumes the square shape. The Huai second tone commissariat's city site assumes the square shape remnantly, the city wall high the approximately 3 meters, goes against the approximately 10 meters widely, is the small version builds the law to build, hang the level is clear. the Zhengzhou commercial city is the Shang Dynasty intermediate stage capital city, the ruins is situated middle the Zhengzhou Shang Dynasty ruins. The city plane is the rectangle, the city wall uses the partition version to build the law hang to build section by section becomes, hang the level is thin, hang the nest is crowded, very firm is solid. In the city wall inside or inside and outside the both sides, discovered that tamps earth the structure to protect the city slope.
The Western Zhou Dynasty fortification, the scale appearance must observe strictly with the title corresponding hierarchical system. of Spring and Autumn Period Warring States the border, the traditional rituals of state are broken through, each region appeared according to the city which needs to construct voluntarily. These cities, often depend on the terrain characteristic construction, the plane present the anomalous shape. The Warring States time, along with social economy's development, presented “thousand ten feet of cities, ten thousand Yi faced one another” the aspect, the multiple inner and outer city walls and strengthened the defense by the moat city garrison the system to obtain the popularization. At that time the war frequent age, the strategic position important city, inner and outer city walls construction gauge the mold greatly achieved the astonishing situation. Under the swallow tamps earth the city wall width to amount to 40 meters, Linzi city wall wall base most is wide place is together 43 meters, Zheng the Han Gucheng's city wall width amounts to 40~60 meters, these old city wall total length in 20 above kilometer.
after the Qin and Han Dynasty, along with the universal centralization dynasty's establishment, the city garrison construction further strengthens. the successive dynasties regarding the inner and outer city walls, have the sub-city, Luo Cheng, the inner city, the outer city, Que Cheng, the country city separately and so on different view , but the basic system follows invariably. Generally the national capital supposes three city walls, namely imperial city, palace wall (inner city), outer city (Guo).after Tang Dynasty, appears builds with the brick package tamps earth the city wall the way. Early wood lintel entry, in the Yuan Dynasty after evolves gradually for the brick arch entry. Many cities to strengthen the city gate defense capability, is equipped with two above the city gate, forms so-called “the enceinte of city gate”. The city wall every other certain spacing prominent rectangle platform, in order to help attacks the enemy who from the side strikes attacks a city, this kind of platform is called as “the horse surface”. In the city also has generally and so on embattlement, war awning, tower over a city gate the defense facilities. In the dependence stream transport's region of rivers and lakes city, establishes the water city gate. The Shandong Penglai seashore, bright the peaceful and orderly times also construct “the Penglai water city”, the achievement holds the amphibious transportation military fort.
The Xi'an ancient city wall is the Chinese extant age, the scale is most early biggest, preserves the most complete city wall. The extant Xi'an city wall, may trace from the historical perpetual flow to the Tang Chang An city. Today's Xi'an city wall is the Ming Dynasty Chang An city foundation constructs in Tang in the . , The Datang empire destruction, perimeter 35 kilometer huge thaungdut Chang An the city wall, in the flames of war shortly will ask in the 10th century becomes stretch of ruins. Tang Motian blesses first year (A.D. 904 years), constructs in Chang An's Kuang national troops military commissioner Han Jian on the ruins the new city wall, in fact just is the Tang Chang An city palace wall renovation again. P96