学会多语言的实质性思考

Mambwe-Lungu [mgr] (Tanzania and Zambia.)

Mwalya mwina general greeting
Mwapoli mukwai
morning greeting
Mwalima mukwai greeting to a person who is working
Endi mukwai reply to Mwalya mwina, Mwapoli mukwai and Mwalima mukwai
Cikulu mukulya reply to Mwalya mwina
Kuli ci? how are you?
Kwacele reply to Kuli ci
Mwazyuka uli? how are you? spoken to a group of people
Twazyuka cele reply to Mwazyuka uli
Mwakufuna greeting used after a journey
Mwalulyata greeting spoken to a returning hunter
Wamba greeting spoken to a returning hunter or fisher
Wambini greeting spoken to a returning hunter or fisher

Mampruli [maw] (Ghana: northern region.)

Dasuba morning greeting
Naa, ti maasim reply to Dasuba
I gbisiya? morning greeting, literally "how did you sleep?"
Ni i wuntaŋa daytime greeting spoken to one person
Ni ya wuntaŋa daytime greeting spoken to a group of people
Ni i za'anoori evening greeting spoken to one person
Ni ya za'anoori evening greeting spoken to a group of people
Aniŋwula nighttime greeting
I gyaari
welcome greeting spoken to one person
Ya gyaari welcome greeting spoken to more than one person
Naaa reply to Dasuba, I gyaari, and Ya gyaari
Ni i tuuma greeting spoken to a person who is working
Ni ya tuuma greeting spoken to a group of people who are working
I niŋbina bε wula? how are you? spoken to one person
Ya niŋbina bε wula? how are you? spoken to a group of people
I mar alaafε? how are you? spoken to one person
Ya mar alaafε? how are you? spoken to a group of people
Alaafε bε ni reply to I niŋbina bε wula,  Ya niŋbina bε wula, I mar alaafε and Ya mar alaafε

Manam [mva] (Papua New Guinea: Madang Province.)

Wabúna 'úabe general greeting spoken to one person
Wabúna rúabe general greeting spoken to two people
Etauta 'ama'ú'i'? greeting spoken to one person who is traveling inland
Etauta 'amarú'i'? greeting spoken to two people who are traveling inland
Elelau 'ama'ú'i'? greeting spoken to one person who is traveling towards the sea
Elelau 'amarú'i'? greeting spoken to two people who are traveling towards the sea

Suriuia ngaeno kamingru
morning greeting


Ilouia kaikolo ngaeno
evening greeting

Ábe 'upúra'i' welcome greeting spoken to one person
Ábe rupúra'i' welcome greeting spoken to two people  

Manambu [mle] (Papua New Guinea: East Sepik Province.)


Kəpəyay
general greeting


Kəp
general greeting spoken to one person


Kəpugw
general greeting spoken to a group of people


Yaban
greeting spoken to a man in the Maliau clan dialect


Yabənay
greeting spoken to a woman in the Maliau clan dialect


Vyakəta ñə
daytime greeting


Vyakəta ñə abab
daytime spoken to a group of people


Vyakəta ganəb
morning greeting


Vyakəta ganəb abab
morning greeting spoken to a group of people


Vyakəta grab
afternoon greeting


Vyakəta grab abab
afternoon spoken to a group of people

Vyakəta gan nighttime greeting
Vyakəta gan abab nighttime greeting spoken to a group of people
Yara kwan anay greeting used when passing someone on the road
  Yara kwan yawi akur greeting used when passing someone who is working

Ñən yara kwanañən?
how are you?


Wun yara kwanawun
reply to Ñən yara kwanañən


Ñən yara?
how are you?


Wun yara
reply to Ñən yara


Tab kuru
greeting spoken when shaking hands


Taba dəka
greeting spoken when shaking hands

Manchu [mnc] (China: Heilongjiang.)

Ei informal greeting
Si sain how are you?
Si saiyūn? how are you?
Sain reply to Si saiyūn
Saiyūn reply to Si saiyūn
Bi umesi sain reply to Si saiyūn
Sini beye dursun sain nio? how are you?
Umesi sain reply to Sini beye dursun sain nio
Si buda jeke nio? have you eaten?
Bi buda jekebi reply to Si buda jeke nio

Manda [mgs] (Tanzania: Ruvuma Province.)

Monili                   general greeting    眸你哩。
Ndumisinu            general greeting  你度咪是努。
Ndumisawenga     reply to Ndumisinu 你的咪萨闻嘎。

Mandan [mhq] (United States of America: Fort Berthold, North Dakota.)

Nawah        general greeting       那哇好。

Mandaya, Cataelano [mst] (Philippines: Davao Oriental.)

Anda general greeting
Madayaw na adlaw general daytime greeting
Madayaw na 'maga morning greeting
Madayaw ng 'apon afternoon greeting
Madayaw na gab-i evening greeting
Kumusta da kaw? how are you?
Madayaw sa reply to Kumusta da ka
Madayaw na pagdatung welcome greeting

Mandinka [mnk] (Gambia.)

I be ñaading general greeting spoken to one person
Al be ñaading general greeting spoken to a group of people
I be di general greeting spoken to one person
Al be di general greeting spoken to a group of people
I ne ke general greeting spoken to one person
Al ne ke general greeting spoken to a group of people
I tiina general greeting spoken to one person
Al tiina general greeting spoken to a group of people
Kayira be general greeting
I saama morning greeting spoken to one person
Al saama morning greeting spoken to a group of people
Ge iwurara morning greeting
I tinyang afternoon greeting
I wulara evening greeting
Kori tanante? how are you?
Tanante reply to Kori tanante

Mangareva [mrv] (French Polynesia: Gambier Islands.)

Kia purotu koe general greeting
Aroha general greeting
Ena koe general greeting spoken to one person
A koe noti reply to Ena koe
Ena korua general greeting spoken to two people
Ena kotou general greeting spoken to a group