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Identify the Correct Letter

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Conjuncts

A conjunct consonant is a combination of two or more consonants. In combining the two consonants, the first is written fully, but pronounced half, while the latter is written as a symbol, but pronounced fully. Symbols of some common consonant conjuncts are written below.


Consonant Symbol Examples
h
ha H n + h = nH  
X
ya Î g + X = gΠ 
r
ra R q + r = qR  
v
va Í s + v = sÍ  


http://www.punjabonline.com/punjabi/conjuncts.html

Other Consonants

There are five other additional consonants that have been added to Gurmukhi. These are frequently used and should be learnt.


Punjabi Letter Transliteration Examples
S
shasha sha shop, ship
^
khhakhhaa khha lock
Z
gaga 'ga sagen
z
zazaa za zone
&
fafaa fa fox, for
  

Vowel Signs -- Matraas

To add vowel sounds between consonant letters, you use the vowel signs, called matraas. There are matraas for each of the ten vowel letters, and below we illustrate how to combine these matraas with a Gurmukhi consonant.


A
a  s
sa  k
ka  
Aw
aa  sw
saa  kw
kaa  
ie
i  is
si  ik
ki  
eI
ee  sI
see  kI
kee  
au
u  su
su  ku
ku  
aU
oo  sU
soo  kU
koo  
ey
e  sy
se  ky
ke  
AY
ai  sY
sai  kY
kai  
a
o  so
so  ko
ko  
AO
au  sO
sau  kO
kau  

In Gurmukhi, there are only three vowel letters. However, by combining these letters with the vowel signs, called matras, we can make ten different vowel sounds. These ten vowels are illustrated below.
Punjabi  Transliteration  Example  
A
a (short) a  at, another  
Aw
a (long) aa  all, father  
ie
i (short) i  in, India
eI
i (long) ee  sweet, sheet
au
u (short) u  pull, bull  
aU
u (long) oo  cool, tool  
ey
e (long) e  may, ray  
AY
ai (diphthong) ai  pair  
a
o (long) o  go, row  
AO
au (diphthong) au  Australia  

First Line: Glottal
a, A, e, s, h are pronounced with the front of the tongue lying right behind the teeth. s and h are pronounced like their English counterparts. The first three letters in this line are vowels.

a
ooraa A
airaa e
eeree s
sassa h
hahaa
Second Line: Velars
k, K, g, G are pronounced with the front of the tongue lying on the mouth`s bottom. You should raise the back of your tongue slightly, closing the throat, and opening it just before sound is made. The last letter in this line has a nasal sound.

k
kakaa K
khakhaa g
gagaa G
ghaghaa |
ngangaa
Third Line: Pre-Palatals
c, C, j, J are pronounced by bringing the teeth together with the tongue lying on the mouth`s bottom. The last letter in this line has a nasal sound.

c
chachaa C
chhachhaa j
jajaa J
jhajhaa \
njanja
Fourth Line: Retroflexes
t, T, f, F are pronounced by bringing the tip of your tongue to the top of your mouth and flipping it down without touching the front teeth.

t
tainkaa T
thathaa f
dadaa F
dhadhaa x
naanaa
Fifth Line: Dentals
q, Q, d, D, n are pronounced by making your tongue go just behind the upper teeth. You pronounce n just like n in English.

q
tataa Q
thathaa d
dadaa D
dhadhaa n
naanaa
Sixth Line: Labials
p, P, b, B, m are pronounced by putting your lips together.

p
papaa P
phaphaa b
babaa B
bhabhaa m
mamaa
Seventh Line: Semi-Vowels
X, r, l, v are pronounced like their English counterparts. However, you must roll your tongue with r.

X
yayaa r
raraa l
lalaa v
vavaa V
raaraa

Punjab, a region in Northern India and the east side of Pakistan, has a long history and rich cultural heritage. The people of the Punjab are called Punjabis and they speak a language called Punjabi. The three main religions in the area are Sikhism, Hinduism, and Islam. The region has been invaded and ruled by many different empires and races, including the Aryans, Persians, Greeks, Egyptians, Afghans, and Mongols. Around the time of the 15th Century, Guru Nanak Dev founded the Sikh religion, which quickly came to prominence in the region, and shortly afterwards, Maharaja Ranjit Singh reformed the Punjab into a secular and powerful state. The 19th Century saw the beginning of British rule, which led to the emergence of several heroic Punjabi freedom fighters. In 1947, at the end of British rule, the Punjab was split between Pakistan and India .




Many races of people and religions made up the cultural heritage of the Punjab. Punjab is the land where spiritual aspirations arose. This heroic land bore numerous invasions, and after all its suffering, did not entirely lose its glory and its strength. Here it was that the gentle Nanak preached his marvellous love for the world. Here it was that his broad heart opened and his arms outstretched to embrace the whole world.

One of the earliest stone age cultures of South Asia nourished in the Punjab. People generally accept that about eight centuries before Christ, the Punjab was the most enlightened and the prosperous region in the world. The Harappa civilization developed in Punjab and its culture spread to Iran, Afghanistan, Balochistan, and north-western parts of South Asia.

The Vedic and Epic period of the Punjab was socially and culturally very prolific as during this glorious period, the people accelerated in the fields of philosophy and culture. Here the people composed the Rig Veda and the Upanishads. Further, tradition maintains that Valmiki composed the Ramayana near the present Amritsar city and Kaikyee belonged to this region. Lord Krishna gave the divine message of the Gita at Kurukshetra. It was here that people wrote eighteen principal Puranas. The authors of Vishnu Purana and the Shiv Purano belonged to the central Punjab.




Right from the invasion of Alexander in 326 B.C., the Punjab bore the brunt of incursions and the aggressive assaults of the hordes from the north. During the gruesome period great kings like Porus, Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka and host of other heroes emerged to defend Punjab from the onslaughts.

During Mughal rule, there was lots of conflict, chaos, and political upheavals in the Punjab. Appearance of Guru Nanak (1469-1538) was an event significant not only for the region but for the whole country. He was the founder of a powerful popular movement which has left a lasting impression on the history and culture of all of South Asia. Born in the district of Sheikhupura, he rejected the division of mankind into rigid compartments of orthodox religions and preached the oneness of humanity, and oneness of God, thus aiming at creating a new order which embraced the all pervasive spirit in man. He condemned and ridiculed the false and unnatural notions of high and low in society, He denounced idolatory and laid stress on meditation for the realization of the Universal self.

British intrution had political, cultural, philosophical and literary consequences in the Punjab. The opening of a new system of education introduced a new spirit in the life of the Punjabis. More people realized the greatness of Punjabi culture. During the freedom movement, Punjab played a role worthy of its name. Many heroes emerged from the Punjab such as Lajpat Rai, Ajit Singh, Bhagat Singh, Uddham Singh, Bhal Parmanand and a host of others.

Since independence, life in the Punjab proves to be tragic and traumatic. The partition resulted in riots and terror which tore up millions of homes and destroyed many lives. The massive exodus resulting from the newly formed state of Pakistan created problems of uncontrollable dimensions. The Punjabis trekked in blood and shreds.

However, the Punjabi spirit of tenacity and toughness sustained the uprooted people. The disillusioned people set to work with no self pity to plough fresh fields. They built new industries and became prominent in sports. Punjabis attained an eminent place in cultural, aesthetic, and literary work, and revived folk art, song, dance and drama. All of this has created a sense of pride and climate of involvement in the heritage of the Punjab.

http://www.punjabonline.com/punjabi/alphabet.html

Punjabi Alphabet

There are fourty letters in Gurmukhi. The first three letters are vowels (however, with the combination of the vowel symbols, or matraas, you can form ten different vowel sounds). The last five letters are consonants added to Gurmukhi after its initial creation by Guru Angad Dev.

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Home:  Punjab:  Punjabi Lessons
People living in the Punjab, and many Punjabi immigrants abroad, speak the Punjabi language. Many write Punjabi in the Gurmukhi script which was introduced by Guru Angad Dev in the 16th century. Gurmukhi is a simplified script that contains ten vowels and forty consonants. The script is written just as you would speak the language, thus making learning to read and write much easier. If required, download the Punjabi font for proper display of Punjabi letters.

Punjabi Alphabet  

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Punjabi Alphabet

letters with audio pronounciation Pronounciation

describes how to pronounce letters
Vowels

learn to read/speak Vowel Signs (Matraas)

vowels to construct words
Other Consonants

important additional letters Conjuncts

the combination characters
Semi-Vowels

bindi, tippi, & addhak Identify Correct Letter

exercise: identify the letters

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Basic Writing and Words  

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Few Simple Words

writing basic words Words of Two Letters

2 letter reading exercise
Words of Three Letters

3 letter reading exercise Basic Words With Images

Photographs listed in Gurmukhi

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Vocabulary  

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Pronouns Days of the Week Animals
Birds Relatives Fruits and Vegetables
Clothing Adjectives Verbs
Directions Nature Time
Parts of the Body Education Occupation
Ordinal Metals Number
Agriculture Feeling Adjectives
Magazine Disease Industry
Preposition Interrogatives Useful Words
Places House Domestic Article

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Grammer  

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Gender
Singular & Plural
Imperative Auxiliary Verbs
Present Tense