中学英语中最常用9个介词的用法
一、ABOUT
1.动词+about+sth.。about在此表示“论及,谈起,涉及,着手”等意思:
arrange about安排,argue about辩论, ask about询问,bring about带来,chat about闲聊,care about在意,complain about报怨,go about着手,hear about听说, inquire about打听,know about了解, quarrel about争论,read about读到, see about负责处理,set about开始, speak about谈起, talk about谈论, think about考虑, trouble about担心,tell about讲述,worry about着急。现举例说明其中一些短语的用法:
She inquired about my brother. 她向我打听有关我兄弟的情况。
I must set about my packing. 我必须开始收拾行装。
What are you chatting about? 你们在聊什么呢?
2. be +形容词+about+sth.。about在此意思是“为…,对…”,接表原因的词:
be anxious about为…着急, be bad about对…感到不舒服,be busy about忙于…,be careful about小心…, be certain about对…有把握, be concerned about关心…,be crazy about为…发狂,be excited about为…感到激动, be happy about为…而高兴,be mad about为…发疯,be nervous about对…感到紧张, be particular about挑剔…,be pleased about为…兴奋,be strict about对…严格,be thoughtful about对…考虑周到的,be uneasy about为…感受到不安。请看例句:
What have you been busy about today? 今天在忙些什么?
You are certainly very thoughtful about others. 你为别人想得太周到了。
I’m strict about such things. 对这些事我是很严格的。
注:come about发生,get about(疾病、谣言)流行,turn about转身,
leave about到处乱放,lie about随便堆放,put about打扰;传播,
put oneself about使…发愁。这些词组中about作副词,此时about不能接宾语。
二、AFTER
1.动词+ after。介词after有“追赶,问候,效仿”之意:ask after问候, be after寻求,do(sth.)after学着做,go after设法得到, inquire after问候, look after寻找,run after追求, seek after追逐, take after长得像。例如:
Every afternoon he called to ask after his girl friend.他每天下午都打电话问候他的女朋友。
The boy takes after his father. 这男孩长得像他父亲。
The dogs went after the wounded deer. 一群狗在追赶那只受伤的鹿。
2.after构成的其它短语。after在不同的短语中意思各异:
after a little/moment/while过了一会,after all毕竟,after dark天黑以后,after one’s heart合…的心, after school放学后, after service售后服务,after the fashion勉强, day after day日复一日,one after another一个接一个,year after year年复一年。例如:
Don’t be too strict with him. After all he is still a child.
不要太苛刻了,毕竟他还是个孩子。
He can speak and write English after a fashion.
他多少会说和写一点英语,但不太好。
三、AT
1.动词+ at。at表示“指向某一目标,到达某地”:arrive at抵达,call at访问某地, catch at(it)当场抓住, come at攻击, fire at向…开火,glance at瞟一眼, glare at怒目而视, grieve at忧伤,knock at敲,laugh at嘲笑, look at看一眼, pull at拉扯, rejoice at对…高兴,smile at向某人微笑, shoot at朝…射击, stare at怒目而视,thrust at刺向, tear at撕, tremble at颤抖,wonder at吃惊,work at工作。例如:
Don’t let me catch you again at it.不要再让我当场逮住你。
We must “shoot the arrow at the target”. 我们必须有的放矢。
They trembled at the sight of the peasant’s spears.看到农民的梭标,他们阵阵发抖。
2. be +形容词/过去分词+ at。其中at表示“情绪、情感的原因,或对某物具有某种感情”:be angry at恼怒于, be alarmed at对…保持警觉,be astonished at对…吃惊, be bad at不擅长, be clever at对某事很灵巧,be delighted at高兴,be disgusted at厌恶, be disappointed at对…失望,be good at擅长, be impatient at对…不够耐心, be mad at狂热于,be pleased at对…感到高兴, be present at出席, be satisfied at满意,be surprised at吃惊, be shocked at对…非常震惊,be terrified at受到…的恐吓,be quick at对…很机敏。例如:
They were overjoyed at his return to work. 他们对他重返工作感到欣喜。
They are alarmed at the growth of the liberation movement in the colonies.
他们对殖民地日益壮大的解放运动警觉起来。
3.at+名词构成的词组:at a distance在一定距离,at a loss不知所措,
at a time一次,at all一点也不,at any cost不惜一切代价,at best最好也只是,at first起初,at hand手头,at heart在内心里,at home在家;无拘束,at last最后,at least至少,at most最多,at once马上,at present目前,at sea不知所措,at times有时,at will任意地,at work起作用,at worst最坏。
4.其它含有at的短语:work hard at勤奋工作,drop in at顺路拜访。
四、FOR
1.动词+for
a)动词+for。for表原因、目的:account for解释;说明, answer for对…负责,apply for申请;请求, apologize for为…而道歉, beg for请求, call for要求,care for在意, enter for报名参加, fight for为…而战, hope for希望,inquire for查询;求见, leave for离开某地到另一地, look for寻找, long for盼望,mistake for误认为, plan for计划做某事, prepare for为…作准备,provide for为…提供, reach for伸手去拿, run for竞选, stand for象征,search for搜寻, send for派人去请, speak for陈述意见、愿望, take for当作, wish for希望, wait for等待。例如:
His illness accounts for his absence. 他因病缺席。
The baby reached for the apple but couldn’t reach it.那婴儿伸手去苹果,但够不着。
He who would search for pearls must dive below.要想找到珍珠,必须潜到海底。
b)动词+sb.+ for +sth.。for表示原因或目的:ask for要求得到,blame for因…责备, excuse for宽恕, forgive for谅解, pardon for原谅,pay for花钱买, praise for称赞, punish for对…进行惩罚,push for催逼,reward for酬谢, thank for对…表示谢意。例如:
Please excuse me for my being late. 请原谅我的迟到。
Forgive me for my keeping you waiting. 请见谅,让你久等了。
2. be +形容词+for。for表作用、目的、对人或物有某种情绪等:be anxious for急于做, be eager for渴望, be bad for有害于,be convenient for便于, be good for利于, be famous for以…出名,be fit for适合于, be grateful for对…心存感激, be impatient for对…不耐烦,be late for迟到, be necessary for有必要, be ready for作好准备,be sorry for为…而后悔, be responsible for对…负责,be suitable for适合于, be unfit for不适合, be useful for对…有作用。例如:
He is eager for success. 他渴望成功。
The government is responsible for the nation’s welfare.政府负责民众的福利。
3.for+名词构成的词组:for all尽管,for a song非常便宜地,for certain确切地,for company陪着,for ever永远,for example例如,for fear以免,for fair肯定地,for free免费,for fun为了好玩,for good永远,for instance比方,for luck祝福,for life终身,for long长久,for nothing白白地,for once有生第一次,for oneself替自己,for pleasure为了消遣,for reason因为…理由,for sale供出售,for shame真不害臊,for short简称,for sport好玩,for sure确切地。
4.动词+副词/名词+for构成的短语:be in for将遇到,make up for弥补,go in for从事,l o ok out for提防,take sth. for granted把…当作理所当然,have an ear for音感好, have a gift for有某方面的天赋。
五、FROM
1.动词+from
a)动词+ from。from表示“来源、原因、起始”等:come from来自,date from追溯, depart from违背, die from死于, escape from逃出,fall from自…跌落, hang from垂挂, hear from收到来信,learn from向某人学习, return from自某地返回,rise from自…冒出, result from起因于, suffer from忍受。例如:
All the characters in the book are drawn from real life.书中所有的人物都来自于真实的生活。
Any damage resulting from negligence must be paid for by the borrower. 因疏忽引起的任何损坏都应由借用者负责赔偿。
He has recovered from his surprise. 他好不容易回过神来。
b)动词+ sth./sb. +from + sth./ sb. /a place。from表示“来源、免于”等:borrow from向…借, choose from选自, excuse from免除, keep from阻止做,prevent from不准做, protect from不受…之害, receive from收到,remove from移动;除去, save from保全;拯救, separate from分离开来,stop from阻止。例如:
He was excused from attendance at the lecture. 他获准可不去听课。
Stop the child from spoiling the book. 不要让孩子弄坏了书。
2. be +形容词+ from。此时from含义众多:be absent from缺席,be different from与众不同, be far from更不用说, be hidden from躲避,be made from用…制成, be tired from因…而疲倦。例如:
The boy can’t walk and is far from running.那男孩不会走路,更不用说跑了。
3.from…to…。本短语表示从一种状态到另一状态的变化或从…到…:from bad to worse每况愈下,from beginning to end自始至终,from cover to cover从头到尾,from China to Peru到处,from day to day一天一天地,from door to door挨家挨户,from end to end从头至尾,from first to last自始至终,from hand to mouth勉强糊冢琭rom head to foot从头到脚,from mouth to mouth广泛流传,from sun to sun从日出到日落,from start to finish从头开始,from top to toe从头到脚,from time to time不时地,from top to bottom彻底地。
六、IN
1.动词+in
a)动词+ in。in在短语中的含义异常丰富:believe in信任, break in碎成,bring in引起;产生;带来, call in下令收回, fill in填充,get in收获, hand in上缴, involve in涉及, lie in在于, result in导致, share in共享,succeed in成功, take in卷起;订阅, turn in归还当局。例如:
He was so short of money that he had to call in the loans that he had made. 他很缺乏资金,不得不收回所有的款子。
Your failure lies in your laziness. 你失败的原因在于懒惰。
Orders are given to take in sail.已发布收帆的命令。
b)动词+sb./time/money+ in。介词in后接(doing)sth.:help sb. in帮助某人做某事, spare time/money in匀出时间或钱做某事,spend time/money in花时间或钱做某事,waste time/money in浪费时间或钱做某事。例如:
She offered to help him in the housekeeping when I am not here.她提出,我不在家时她可以帮助他料理家务。
2. be +形容词+ in。in表示“在某些方面或穿着”:be active in活跃于,be absorbed in专心致志, be busy in忙碌, be born in出生于,be concerned in牵涉, be clothed in穿着, be disappointed in对…失望,be diligent in勤于, be experienced in在…有经验, be employed in任职于,be engaged in忙碌, be expert in某方面的专家, be excellent in在…优秀,be interested in对…有兴趣, be lacking in缺乏, be rich in富有,be slow in迟缓, be successful in在某方面成功, be skilled in精于,be strict in严于, be weak in弱于。例如:
She was completely absorbed in her own affairs. 她完全专注于自己的事务。
More than one person has been concerned in this. 不只一人牵涉到这件事。
3. in +名词。 in表示“处于某种状态或在某些方面”等意思:in advance提前,in all总共,in balance总而言之,in bed卧床,in body亲自,in brief简明扼要,in case万一, in charge主管,in danger有危险, in debt负债, in despair失望,in force大量地;有效,in full全部地, in flower开花,in general一般说来,in itself本身, in love恋爱, in order井然有序, in person亲自,in public公开地, in progress有进展, in practice从实践上看, in rags穿着破衣, in research探索, in return作为报答,in ruins一片废墟,in short总之,in theory从理论上看, in trouble有麻烦, in tears眼泪汪汪,in time及时, in turn按顺序, in vain白白地,in view看得见。
注意下列几个词组中的in为副词:check in到达登记,cut in插嘴,count in包括,draw in时间接近, drop in顺路拜访, give in屈服, pour in源源而来。
七、OF
1.动词+of
a)动词+of。of意为“有关,由于”: beg of(sb.)请求某人,complain of抱怨,consist of由…构成, die of死于, dream of梦想, hear of听说, know of了解,speak of谈及, tell of讲到, think of想起, talk of论及。例如:
Never has one of them complained of all the trouble we give.从来没有人抱怨我们带来这么多麻烦。
Carbon dioxide consists of carbon and oxygen. 二氧化碳由碳、氧两种元素组成。
b)动词+sb.+of+sth.。其中of有“剥夺,有关”之意:accuse of控告(谴责,非难)某人, cheat of骗走, deprive of剥夺,inform of汇报, rob of抢走, remind of提醒, warn of警告。例如:
He has cheated me of my poverty. 他骗走了我的财产。
They are deprived of their rights as citizens.他们的公民权都被剥夺了。
c)动词+sth.+ of +sb.。介词of表动宾关系,后接动作的宾语
sb.:request of请求(某人做某事), require of要求得到。例如:
All I request of you is that you should come here early.我唯一的请求就是希望你早点来。
You have done all the law requires of you.你做的这一切都是法律对你的要求。
2. be +形容词+ of。of后接表对象或目标的词,这类短语有很多:
be aware of觉察, be ashamed of以…为耻, be afraid of担心,be bare of没有, be careful of小心, be clear of还清债务,be certain of确信, be composed of由…构成, be envious of嫉妒,be forgetful of健忘, be fond of喜欢, be free of免于;摆脱, be full of充满, be guilty of认罪, be hopeful of抱有希望,be informed of汇报, be impatient of对…无耐心, be jealous of嫉妒,be made of用…制成, be mindful of留意, be proud of以…为骄傲,be sick of烦于, be short of缺乏, be sure of确信, be tired of困于,be worthy of值得。
3.of+名词构成的词组:of age成年, of choice精选的,of course当然,of late最近,of name有名的,of oneself自动地,of purpose有意地,of use有用,of values有价值的。
八、ON
1.动词+on
a)动词+ on。介词on表示“凭借,产生某结果,接通”等意思:act on对…有作用, bring on促使;导致, call on拜访某人,count on依赖, carry on执行,depend on取决, feed on以…为生,figure on料想;推断, go on继续,have on穿着, insist on坚持,keep on继续, lean on依赖, live on以…为生, pull on迅速穿上,put on穿上, switch on接通(电源), take to喜欢;养成;轻易学会,turn on接通(电源), work on操作, wait on侍候。例如:
This kind of medicine acts on the heart. 这种药对心脏有好处。
The fine weather brings on the crops nicely. 好天气促使庄稼长势良好。
We count on you to help. 我们有赖你的帮助。
b)动词+sb.(sth.)+ on +sb.(sth.)。on的意思是“以…,对…,在某方面”:base on以…为基础, congratulate on恭贺, fix on固定, have mercy on怜悯,have pity on怜惜, keep watch on监视, spend on把时间、精力花在某方面。例如:
Theory should be based on practice. 理论联系实际。
Congratulate on your success in the competition. 恭喜你竞赛获得成功。
2.be+形容词+on的词组:be dependent on依赖, be hard on对某人苛刻,be impressed on对…印象深刻, be keen on渴望, be strict on对…严格。例如:
We can’t just be dependent on our parents. 我们不能只依赖父母。
He is keen on going abroad. 他渴望出国。
3.on+名词构成的词组:on表示处于某种状态或在某个方位:on board乘(车,飞机),on call听候召唤, on duty值班, on earth到底, on fire着火, on foot步行,on guard在岗,on hire雇用,on holiday度假,on leave休假,on one’s knees跪下,on one’s way在…的路上,on purpose故意, on sale待售,on shore在岸上,on time准时, on the move行动, on the other hand另一方面, on the spot当场,on the tip of one’s tongue快要说出口, on top of在…的顶部,on watch值班。
九、TO
1.动词+to
a)动词+ to。介词to意为“达到,指向”等:adjust to适应, attend to处理;照料, agree to赞同, amount to加起来达…,belong to属于, come to达到, drink to为…干杯,get to到达, happen to发生在某人身上, hold to紧握, lead to通向, listen to听, occur to想起, object to反对, point to指向, respond to回答, refer to参考;指的是…;涉及, reply to回答, see to负责,stick to坚持, turn to求助, write to给某人写信。例如:
She must learn to adjust herself to English life. 她必须学会适应英国的生活。
Business has to be attended to. 有事要办。
An idea occurred to me. 我想出一个办法。
b)动词(+sth.)+to+sb.。下列动词不能直接带间接宾语sb.,要接间接宾语时须在动词后加介词to:announce to通知某人, describe to向某人描述, explain to向某人解释, express to对某人表达, mention to提及, nod to向某人点头, report to报告, say to告知, shout to对某人大叫, suggest to对某人提建议,speak to与某人交谈, talk to跟某人谈话, whisper to和某人低声耳语。例如:
She suggested to me one or two suitable people for the committee.她跟我向委员会推举了一两个合适的人选。
c)动词+sth./sb.+ to +sth./sb.。此时介词to可译成“到,于,给”等意思:add to增加, compare to比作, carry to运送至, devote to致力于,introduce to介绍给, invite to邀请参加, join to连接到, leave to委托给,reduce to下降至, sentence to判处, take to带到。例如:
Please add a piece of candy to coffee. 请给咖啡加块糖。
Poets like to compare life to stage. 诗人喜欢把人生比作舞台。
2. be +形容词/过去分词+ to。to的意思是“对…”:be alive to觉察;晓得,be attentive to注意;留心, be awake to知晓, be blind to缺乏眼光,be close to紧挨着, be common to对某人来说很普通, be contrary to违反;反对, be devoted to致力, be deaf to不愿意听, be equal to有…的力量,be exposed to暴露;遭受, be fair to对…公平, be familiar to对某人来说熟悉,be grateful to对某人心存感激, be good to对…有好处, be harmful to对…有危害,be important to对…重要, be kind to友好对待, be known to周知于,be married to嫁给, be moved to转移到, be near to靠近,be necessary to对…有必要, be opposite to在对面, be opposed to反对,be pleasant to合某人之意, be proper to专属, be polite to礼貌待人,be rude to粗暴对待, be relative to与…有关, be strange to不习惯,be similar to类似, be suitable to适合, be true to忠实,be thankful to感激, be useful to对…有用, be used to习惯。例如:
Are you alive to what is going on? 你注意到发生什么事了吗?
The old man was not equal to the situation. 那老人不能应付这种情况。
His house is opposite to mine. 他的房子在我的房子对面。
3.to+名词构成的词组有:to a degree在某种程度上, to date到现在为止,to one’s feet跳起来,to one’s mind照…看来, to one’s surprise使…吃惊,to one’s taste符合胃口, to oneself独自享用, to order定做,to the letter不折不扣地, to the point中肯地。
表示时间的介词1)in , on,at 在……时in表示较长时间,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。如 in the 20th century, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in the morning, in the night, in one’s life , in one’s thirties等。on表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。如on May 1st, on Monday, on New Year’s Day, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon等。at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间,或泛指圣诞节,复活节等。 如at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end of …, at the age of …, at Christmas, at night, at noon, at this moment等。注意:在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。如:We meet every day. 2)in, after 在……之后“in +段时间”表示将来的一段时间以后;“after+段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后;“after+将来点时间”表示将来的某一时刻以后。My mother will come back in three or four days.He arrived after five months. She will appear after five o’clock this afternoon. 3)from, since 自从……from仅说明什么时候开始,不说明某动作或情况持续多久;since表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻,通常与完成时连用。 He studied the piano from the age of three.They have lived here since 1978.4)after, behind 在……之后after主要用于表示时间;behind主要用于表示位置。We shall leave after lunch.Lucy is hiding behind an old house
介词about用法小议
1. 表示“大约”,通常用于数字前。如:
It costs about $10. 这需10美元左右。
He arrived at about 10 o’clock. 他大约10点钟到达。
2. 在动词 know, hear, speak 等之后用不用介词 about, 含义有差别。如:
I have heard about him, but I don’t know him. 我听到过关于他的事,但不认识他人。
I’ve heard of him, but I don’t know about him. 我听说过他,但我不知道他的情况。
试:
He knows her. 他认识她。
He knows of her. 他知道有她人。
He knows about her. 他知道她的情况。
3. about和on均可表示“关于”,但about主要指泛泛地或非正式地谈论某事,其谈论的内容也较为普通;而on则指有系统地或理论性较强地论述某事,其论述的内容较正式或较严肃。:
He wrote on mathematics. 他撰写数学著作。
He wrote about the school. 他报道这所学校的情况。
It is a book on birds. 那是一本论及鸟类的书。(是一本学术著作)
It is a book about birds. 那是一本关于鸟的书。(是一本供小孩看的关于鸟类的故事书)
4. 注意不要按汉语意思,在及物动词后误加介词 about,而在不及物动词后该加 about 时却漏加。如:
他没不满吧?
误:He has nothing to complain, does he?
正:He has nothing to complain about, does he?
析:表示抱怨某事时,complain 不及物,其后需接介词 about 或 of 再带名词或代词作宾语。(本句中 about 的逻辑宾语是 nothing)
会尽快此事的(from
www.hxen.com)。
误:We'll discuss about it as soon as possible.
正:We'll discuss it as soon as possible.
析:discuss()为及物动词,后接宾语时,无需用介词。类似地,英语说 consider sth, 而不说 consider about sth;可说 doubt sth, 而不说 doubt about sth;可说 explain sth,而不说 explain about sth;可说 report sth,而不说 report about sth;等等。
方位介词与地点介词的用法解析
作者:admin 更新时间:2010-12-19 17:59:49 来源:初中英语学习室【字号:大 中 小】浏览:58
1. 方位介词on, over, above的用法
A. on表示一物放在另一物上面,两者紧贴在一起,如:The book is on the table.
B. over表示一种垂直悬空的上下关系,即“在…上方”,如:Is there any bridge over the river?
C. above表示一般的“高于…”,“在…之上”,如:There was an electric clock above his bed.
2. 方位介词under与below的用法
A. under是over的反义词即“在…下方”,如:They were seen under the tree.
B. below是above的反义词即“低于…”,“在…之下”,如:They live below us.
3. 方位介词across,、through、over,、past的用法
A. across着重于“从一头或一边到另一头或另一边”,强调从表面穿过。
如:She went across the street to make some purchases.
B. through着重于“穿越”,强调从一定的空间内穿过。
如:The sunlight was coming in through the window.
C. over多表示从“上方越过”,如:He failed to go over the mountain; he had to go round it.
D. past表示从“面前经过”,如:Someone has just gone past the window.
4. 方位介词in、on、at的用法
A. in表示“排、行、组”,如:We are in Team One.
B. on表示“左、右”,如:Li Ping is on my left.
C. at表示“前、后”,如:I sit at the front of the classroom.
5. 方位介词to、for的用法
A. to表示目的地或去的目的,如:Wil you take a train to Tianjian.
B. for表示动身去某地,如:He got on a train for Shanghai.
6. 地点介词at与in的用法
A. at表示较小的地方,如家、村、乡村等,如:He lives at a small village.
B. in表示较大的地方,如大城市、国家、洲等,如:He lives in Beijing.
7. 地点介词at与on的用法
A. 介词at用于门牌号,如:He lives at No.200, Nanjing Road.
B. 介词on用于路名,如:He lives on Nanjing Road.
8. 地点介词in、on、to的用法
A. in表示“包含”如:Beijing is in the north of China.
B. on表示“紧邻”如:Canada lies on the north of the U.S.
C. to表示“没接触”如:France lies to the south of England.
介词 介词by是中学英语中比较活跃的一个词。它词义多,用法广泛。现将其用法作一归纳与简析:
1.by表示“在……旁边”,常常可以等于by the side of.例如:
There is an old big tree by (by the side of)the river.河边有一棵古老的 大树。
The children are playing by the village.孩子们正在村边玩耍。
2.By表“用某种方法”或“用某种手段”。例如:
We often go to Guanzhou by bus.我们常常乘公共汽车去官舟。
The gloves were made by hand.这些手套是手工做的。
My father and I are talking with each other by telephone.我和父亲正在通过电话交谈。
3.by oneself(=alone)结构,意思为“独自地”。例如:
I learned Japanese by myself.我自学日语。
Mr.Wang went for a holiday by himself.王先生独自一个人去度假。
4.by表示“依据,根据”。例如:
By my watch,it is 8 o'clock now.我的表是八点。
5.know/learn something by heart,意思为“牢记在心,能背出”。例如:
We all learned the song by heart.我们都把那首歌背了起来。
6.by用于被动语态中,引出动作的完成者,意思为“被……;由……”。例如:
The door was broken by Li Lei.门是被李雷弄坏的。
The delicious food was eaten up by a cat.那些可口的食物被一只猫吃光了。
7.by用来表示时间,意思为“到……时候”。例如:
By the end of last term we had learned fifty poems.到上学期结束时,我们已经学完了五十首诗。
The work will have been finished by noon.到中午的时候,工作就会完成了。
8.by表示“经过”,可以指时间,也可以指空间,通常跟动词go,come等连用。例如:
My father went by our school without coming to see me.我父亲从我们学校经过,没有来看我。
As time goes by,the weather gets warmer.随着时间的推移,天气变得更加暖和了。
9.by表示“按……”,如时间,长度,重量等。例如:
We sell cloth by the yard.我们论码卖布。
They rent a house by the year.他们按年租屋。
10.by表示“(倍数)乘,(程度)相差,(标准,尺度)按照,以……计算。”例如:
This is a room 5m by 4m.这是一个长5米宽4米的房间。
11.by far修饰比较级,最高级,强调数量,程度等。例如:
His handwriting is clearer by far.他的书写清楚多了。
12.by and by表示“不久以后”。例如:
By and by,more and more people began to study English.不久以后,越来越多的人开始学习英语了。
13.lead sb.by the hand/nose表示“牵着某人的手/鼻子”。例如:
Mother led me by the hand when we were crossing the street.我们过马路时,妈妈牵着我的手。
14.by表示“由于”。例如:
I took the umbrella by mistake.我错拿了这把伞。
15.side by side表示“肩并肩,并排着”。例如:
The two bottles stood side by side on the table。这两个瓶子并排摆在桌上。
16.day by day表示“一天一天地”。例如:
The boy is growing day by day.这孩子一天一天地长大了。
17.call someone by name表示“叫某人的名字”。例如:
He calls all the students by name.他招呼学生们时都叫名字。
18.by the way 表示“顺便说一下,顺便问一下”。例如:
By the way,what time is it by your watch?顺便问一下,你的表几点了?
是中学英语中比较活跃的一个词。它词义多,用法广泛。现将其用法作一归纳与简析:
1.by表示“在……旁边”,常常可以等于by the side of.例如:
There is an old big tree by (by the side of)the river.河边有一棵古老的 大树。
The children are playing by the village.孩子们正在村边玩耍。
2.By表“用某种方法”或“用某种手段”。例如:
We often go to Guanzhou by bus.我们常常乘公共汽车去官舟。
The gloves were made by hand.这些手套是手工做的。
My father and I are talking with each other by telephone.我和父亲正在通过电话交谈。
3.by oneself(=alone)结构,意思为“独自地”。例如:
I learned Japanese by myself.我自学日语。
Mr.Wang went for a holiday by himself.王先生独自一个人去度假。
4.by表示“依据,根据”。例如:
By my watch,it is 8 o'clock now.我的表是八点。
5.know/learn something by heart,意思为“牢记在心,能背出”。例如:
We all learned the song by heart.我们都把那首歌背了起来。
6.by用于被动语态中,引出动作的完成者,意思为“被……;由……”。例如:
The door was broken by Li Lei.门是被李雷弄坏的。
The delicious food was eaten up by a cat.那些可口的食物被一只猫吃光了。
7.by用来表示时间,意思为“到……时候”。例如:
By the end of last term we had learned fifty poems.到上学期结束时,我们已经学完了五十首诗。
The work will have been finished by noon.到中午的时候,工作就会完成了。
8.by表示“经过”,可以指时间,也可以指空间,通常跟动词go,come等连用。例如:
My father went by our school without coming to see me.我父亲从我们学校经过,没有来看我。
As time goes by,the weather gets warmer.随着时间的推移,天气变得更加暖和了。
9.by表示“按……”,如时间,长度,重量等。例如:
We sell cloth by the yard.我们论码卖布。
They rent a house by the year.他们按年租屋。
10.by表示“(倍数)乘,(程度)相差,(标准,尺度)按照,以……计算。”例如:
This is a room 5m by 4m.这是一个长5米宽4米的房间。
11.by far修饰比较级,最高级,强调数量,程度等。例如:
His handwriting is clearer by far.他的书写清楚多了。
12.by and by表示“不久以后”。例如:
By and by,more and more people began to study English.不久以后,越来越多的人开始学习英语了。
13.lead sb.by the hand/nose表示“牵着某人的手/鼻子”。例如:
Mother led me by the hand when we were crossing the street.我们过马路时,妈妈牵着我的手。
14.by表示“由于”。例如:
I took the umbrella by mistake.我错拿了这把伞。
15.side by side表示“肩并肩,并排着”。例如:
The two bottles stood side by side on the table。这两个瓶子并排摆在桌上。
16.day by day表示“一天一天地”。例如:
The boy is growing day by day.这孩子一天一天地长大了。
17.call someone by name表示“叫某人的名字”。例如:
He calls all the students by name.他招呼学生们时都叫名字。
18.by the way 表示“顺便说一下,顺便问一下”。例如:
By the way,what time is it by your watch?顺便问一下,你的表几点了?
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常用介词的用法
英语介词并不很多,但其用法灵活多样。掌握常用介词的用法及常见的介词搭配,是学习英语的重点和难点。
1.简单介词和复合介词
1)about(关于,大约):a book about animals 一本关于动物的书。
2)above(在……上面):a map above the blackboard 黑板上方的一张地图,above all 首要的是。
3)across(穿过,跨过):a bridge across the river 跨过河的一座桥
4)after(在……之后):after breakfast 早饭后,after school 放学后,after class 课后
5)against(反对):play against them 跟他们比赛。
6)along(沿着):plant trees along the lake 沿着湖边植树。
7)among(在……之中):among the workers 在工人们中间,among the trees 在树丛中。
8)at(在):at home在家,at school 在学校,at work 在工作。
9)before(在……之前):before class 课前,before lunch 午饭前
10)behind(在……后面):behind the house 在房子后面,behind the door 在门后。
11)near(在……附近):near the river 在河边,stand near the door 站在门旁。
12) into(在……里):come into the classroom 进入教室,fall into the water 掉进水里
13)in(在……内,用,戴):in English 用英语,in a hat 戴帽子,in front of 在……前面,in line 排成一行,in the end 最后,in the open air 在野外,in a minute立刻,in surprise 惊奇地,in time及时,in trouble 处在困难中。
14)from(从):from Monday to Friday 从星期一到星期五,from now on 从今以后。
15)for (为,给):buy some food for lunch 买些午餐的食物,for example 例如,for long 长久。
16) except(除……之外):everyone except Lin Tao 除林涛之外的每个人,every day except Sunday 除星期天之外的每天。
17)by(乘,在,由,到):by plane 乘飞机,by the way顺便说,by then 到那时,by the window 在窗边。
18) between(在两者之间):between the two children 在两个孩子之间,between A and B 在A 和B之间。
19)beside(在……旁边):sit beside her 坐在她身边,beside the river 在河边。
20)below(在……以下):below zero 零度以下。
21)of(……的):the name of the bird 鸟的名字,a map of China一幅中国地图。
22)off(离开):take off one’s clothes 脱掉衣服,go off 走开,turn off 关掉,get off the bus 下公共汽车。
23)with ( 用,和,带着):go to school with a bag带书包上学,see with one’s eyes 用眼睛看,with one’s help 在某人的帮助下,with pleasure 高兴。
24)without(没有):go out without a coat 没穿上衣服就走出去。
25)until=till (直到……为止):stay in bed until tomorrow 卧床直到明天,wait until ten o’ clock 等到10点钟为止。
26)under(在……下面):under the desk 在书桌下,under the tree 在树下
27)to(给、对、到、往):go to school 上学,give a kite to me 把风筝给我,from here to the park 从这里到公园。
28)through(通过,穿过):walk through the gate 走过大门。
29)since (自从):since1995 自从1995年以来。
30)round=around(在……周围):sit round the table 围着桌子坐,round the world 遍及全世界。
31)over( 超过,多于):over two years 两年多
32)outside (在……之外):outside of gate 在大门外。
33)on(在、关于):on one’s way home 回家路上, on duty 值日,on foot 步行,on top of 在……上面。on the earth 在地球上。
一.介词的分类
1).表示时间的介词 at在….时 on在…时 in在…后 about大约 arou nd大约 round大约 since 自从 for 长达 between 在…之间 from…to… 从…到…. 2).表示空间的介词at 在… around 在…周围 on在…上 round 在…周围 under 在…正下方 above 在…上方 in在…里over在…正上方 below 在…下方 3).表示方位的介词
In在…里 out of 从…出来 though穿过 past穿过 across穿过 beyond在…那边 opposite在…对面 up 在高处 4).表示手段.施动者的介词 with用 by用 in用 5).表示其他含义的介词
of 具有…性质的 with带有… without没有….. except除了…. Besides包括….在内 instead of 而不是 二.有关介词的固定搭配
1.介词与名词的搭配
at noon在中午 at once立即 at first首先 after school放学 after all毕竟 by the way顺便问一下 by the lake 在湖边 by now到现在为止 by oneself独自地 by chance偶然地 by day在白天 for example例如 for fun开玩笑地 for a while一会儿后 for sure肯定地 in class在上课 in time及时 in the train坐火车 in town在城里 in future将来.今后 in fact事实上 on foot步行 on time准时 on duty值日 on business出差 key to ….的答案 …的钥匙 answer to …的答案 note to….的注释 way to ….的方法 visit to …对…的访问 reason for….的原因 love for 对…的热爱 problem with …的问题 difficulty with ….的困难 trouble with …的麻烦 2).动词与介词的搭配
worry about 为…担忧 talk about谈论.谈到 speak about谈论 think about考虑.认为 hear about听说 laugh at 嘲笑 smile at对….微笑 shout at对…吼叫 knock at敲 care for 喜欢 ask for要求得到 wait for等待 hear from 收到…的来信 learn from 向…学习 come from 来自 die from 死于 get on上车 try on试穿 turn on 打开 call on 拜访 stress on 强调 listen to听 get to到达 write to给…写信 help oneself to随便吃 say hello to向…问好 get off 下车 turn off关闭 take off脱下,起飞 fall off 从…掉下来 see off 送别(某人) show off 炫耀 agree with 同意 meet with 偶然遇见 go on with 继续做 3 ).形容词与介词构成的搭配
be angry about/at/with 对….感到生气 be sure about对…有把握 be careless about对…不在意 be sorry about对…感到抱歉 be good at 擅长 be pleased at对….感到高兴 be famous for 以…出名 be ready for为….做好准备 be late for因…迟到 be bad for对…有害处 be interested in 对….感兴趣 be rich in 在….方面富有 be poor in在…方面薄弱 be different in 在…方面不同 be afraid of 害怕…. be sure of 对….有把握 be proud of对….感到自豪 be polite to对…有礼貌 be rude to对…粗鲁 be kind to 对…和蔼 be strich with sb.对某人要求严格 be strich in sth 在某事上严格 be busy with 忙于做某事 三.动词后加上不同的介词表达的含义不同
1. look up 查阅 look for 寻找(强调结果) look at 看着 look over 检查身体 2.think of 打算,计划.想出 think about 考虑到 think over 仔细考虑 3.make up 组成 be made from 用…制成(看不出原材料) be made of 用….制成(能看出原材料) 4.put away 放好 put off 推迟 put on 穿上 put out 熄灭 put up 张贴 5.run away 跑开 run off 逃走 run out of 用完 6. be surprised at 对….感到惊讶 in surprise 惊讶地 to one’s surprise 使某人感到惊奇 7.take away 拿走 take off 起飞 take it easy 别紧张 8.at work 在工作 work at/on 从事于 work out 算出.想出 9.come from 来自 come across 偶然遇到 come back 回来 come up with 想出 10.give back 归还,送回 give out 分发 give up 放弃 11.hand in上交 hand out 分发 12.pay back 偿还 pay for 付款 pay off 付清
主题: 介词用法介绍
一、概述
介词是一种结构词,不能单独担任句子成分。介词的作用是表示它后面的宾语同句中其他词语之间的关系。介词与它的宾语构成介词短语可以充当多种句子成分。如:
The cost of food is rising. (定语)
She was ill during the meeting. (状语)
I found him in very good shape.(宾语补足语)
通常介词可分为四类:
简单介词:at, in, from, on
复合介词:upon, inside, outside
双重介词:from behind, from among
短语介词:in case of, according to
二、介词的意义
1.表示时间的介词
in表示“在某一时间段”,或“在……某一时候”,如用在月、季、年份、时代、世纪等时间名词的前面,或用来泛指一天的某一段时间。
In July/summer/2000/ancient times/the 1999’s
In the morning/afternoon/evening
In也可以指“在……之后”,表示从说话起的若干时间内,如:
The bus will be here in ten minutes.
On表示“在特定的某一天”,也可用于带有修饰语的一天的某个时间段之前。如:
on Saturday, on Saturday morning, on the morning of August 1st
at表示“在某一时间点”,或用来表示不确定的时间和短期的假日、时节等。如:
at six o’clock, at Easter
介词over, through (out)两者均指“经过的全部时间”。
Stay over the Christmas.
介词for, since for表示动作或状态延续的全部时间长度,为“长达……”之意;since用于指从过去特定的某个时刻到说话时为止的一段时间;两者往往用于完成时。
I have been there for six years.
We have not seen each other since 1993.
During指“在……时期/时间内”,必须以表示一段时间的词或词组作宾语。
She was ill for a week, and during that week she ate little.
2.表示地点的介词
介词above, over, on, on top of. Above和below分别表示高于和低于的意思,不一定指垂直方向上的上下;over和under分别表示垂直方向上的上下和高低;on/on top of和beneath/underneath表示“和表面相接触”意义上的上下。以上三对介词互为反义词。
The temple stands on top of the hill.
The pen is beneath the book.
There is a lamp over the desk.
介词at指小地点或集会场合;on表示线或面上的位置;in表示在立体、区域或环境内,特别是那些教大,能够容纳相应事物的环境。
He works at Peking University.
Your radio is on the desk.
The boat is in the lake.
介词in, on, off, to表示相当于某个区域或某个物体的位置关系:in表示在区域的里面;on表示在区域的边界附近,可以是属于这个区域的一部分或相互接壤;off也表示在区域的边界附近,但一般不是属于这个区域的一部分;to表示在区域的边界更远些的附近,所以不是属于这个区域的一部分或不互相接壤。
Japan is to the east of China and Mongolia is on the north.
Taiwan is in the east of China but is off the mainland.
介词between用来说明“在……两者之间”或“三个以上人物或事物中的两者之间的相互关系”;among用来说明“在……两者以上之间”的相互关系;amid(amidst)和among都可以用来表示没有确定数目的物体之间的相互关系,amid多用于正式文体。
There is a small river between the two villages.
The book is the best among these modern novels.
介词in front of和behind指前、后的相对位置。
She always looks in front of and behind the car before she starts it.
介词round, pass指“绕过”;其中pass指“从……旁边经过”;through指“从……之中穿过”。
The movie theater is round the corner.
He lives in the village past the bus stop through the park.
3.表示原因的介词
for常常表示褒贬、奖惩的原因或心理原因。
They will reward you for your help.
Due to常常用来引导形容词性的短语,作定语或表语。
Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious consequences.
From和out of常常表示动机或原因;through表示消极或间接的原因。
He feels weak from lack of sleep.
He broke down through overwork.
4.表示目的的介词
for表示拟定的接收人或目的;to表示实际的接收人或目的。
I bought the gift for my little sister.
I gave the gift to my little sister.
For和to都可以引导目的地。For跟在含有出发或开始意义的动词后,如:leave, set out, start, depart, sail等;to跟在含有来来往往地行动的意义的动词后,如:go, come, run, walk, move, fly, drive, ride等。
We have left for Hong Kong.
He flew to America via Hong Kong.
At还可引导行为的目标或精力的集中点。
He shot at the bird.
5.表示“关于……”的介词
一般about用于比较随便的谈话或非正式的文体;on用于正式的讲话、著作或报告中;of用于动词talk, read, know, say, hear, boast等的后面。如:
What are you talking about?
A paper on selfdom in Russian.
In terms of natural resources
6.表示原料的介词
of和out of表示制成品的材料仍保持原材料的性质;with表示制成产品的一种成分;from表示制成品已失去了原材料的性质;in表示制成品的材料的色调或特殊性。
His house was built of brick.
He made these toys out of old cigar-boxes.
A fruitcake is made with fruit.
Steel is made from iron.
We have furniture of this design in oak and in walnut.
7.表示价格的介词
at和for都可表示价格,at仅表示价格,for还表示“交换”,如:
Eggs are sold at 95 cents a dozen here.
I bought it for five pounds.
8.表示其他意义的介词
in spite of, despite, for(all…),with(all…)等表示让步意义的介词。其中:despite较为正式,in spit of较为普通,for/with(all…)较为口语化。
In spite of / despite the bad weather 尽管天气不好
For / with all his shortcomings 尽管他有许多缺点
except和but表示不包含的意义,只是单纯地将其后面所接的人或事物排除在外,一般不用于句首,多跟在表示一个集体的名词或代词后作定语。
He gets up early every day except Sunday.
Who would do such a thing but Peter?
Except for和apart from表示不包含的意义,所引导的短语,主要用于状语,以修饰全句,意为“除了有……之外”,“只是……”等,用于引出一个相反的细节或原因,因而部分地修正了全句的主要意思。
Except for Jack, the whole class passed the test.
Apart from its cost, the plan was a good one.
Except for和but for表示不包含的意义,可以引导有否定意义的条件状语从句。
Except for/But for the storm we should have arrived earlier.
Except指从整体中除去一部分,而besides则表示“除……之外还有……”的意义。
Nobody was late except me.
He had few friends besides us.
表示超过或不足的介词有:above, beyond, over, past; below, beneath, under等,如:
beyond description 难以形容
below/under the average 低于平均水平
表示状态的介词有:at,off, in, under, out of等,如:
on fire 着火
off duty 下班
out of fashion 过时
表示支持的with, for和表示反对的against
I’m with you in all you say.
Are you for or against the plan?
三、介词的搭配
1.介词与动词的搭配
同一介词可以与不同的动词搭配,表示不同的意思。以of为例:
Jack reminds her grandma of her husband because he looks just like him.(使……想起)
Have you ever heard of such a thing? (听说)
She often spoke of her life in China. (谈起)
The lady was robbed of 10 dollars on her way home. (抢劫)
Thanks for thinking of me. (思念)
同一动词可以与不同的介词搭配使用,表示不同的意思。以look为例:
Look after the children. (照顾)
He looked at the timetable. (看)
What are you looking for? (寻找)
The police are looking into the case. (调查)
在许多动词+介词的结构只能感,介词实际上是动词的一部分,与动词一起构成短语动词。
2.介词与形容词的搭配
介词短语是形容词补语的一种,下面介绍几个常与形容词搭配的介词。
At: (1)表示对某种因素在情绪上的反应,如:I am angry at their not telling me.这类形容词还有:amazed, pleased, hurt, disappointed, excited, delighted, worried等;(2)表示在某方面的能力,如:He’s good at tennis.这类形容词还有:adept, expert, show, hopeless, useless等。
In表示方面,如:He is successful in everything he does.这类形容词还有:lacking , interested, efficient, lucky等。
About表示对象,如:I am curious about her motives.这类形容词还有:certain, careful, careless, happy, pleased, sure, anxious等。
To表示目标,如:Your arguments are contrary to reason.这类形容词还有:acceptable, answerable, equal, hateful, kind, natural, painful, peculiar, pleasant, polite, rude, similar, strange, used等。
With表示伴随,如:Your arguments are not consistent with your previous remarks.这类形容词还有:complete, content, angry, busy, consistent, horrified, pleased, upset等。
For: (1)表示对象,如:We are eager for news.这类形容词还有: bound, adequate, famous, fit, necessary, sorry, ready等;(2)表示分离,如:She was absent from the meeting.这类形容词还有:free, different, separate, safe等。
3.介词与名词的搭配
介词与名词的搭配常常用在由动词、形容词等转换而来的名词的后面。如:
We can’t ignore their concern for the matter.
His absence from school was caused by illness.
初中英语语法:各种介词的用法一览
1.与形容词搭配的词组有:
be afraid of (怕)
be angry with (生某人的气)
be away from (不在某地)
be different from (与…不同)
be good at (善于)
be good/ bad for (对…有益/有害)
be interested in (对…感兴趣)
be late for (迟到)
be/get ready for (为作好准备)
be sure of (对…有把握)
be worried about (为…感到担忧)
2.介词后常用人称代词宾格和动词-ing形式
1) You must take good care of her.
2) Thank you for teaching us so well.
3.几组易混淆的介词
A. “在...之后”
in + 一段时间(用于一般将来时)
after + 一段时间(用于一般过去时)
after + 一点时间(常用于一般将来时)
如:
The baby stopped crying after half an hour.
The baby will stop crying in half an hour.
They will visit their teacher after Friday.
B.for +一段时间
since +过去的一点时间
这两者均用于现在完成时,具体在时态部分,我会继续向同学们讲解。
C.be made of "用……制成"
be made in “由某地制造”
be made by somebody “由某人制成”
D.in,on,at 表时间
in 表示“在某月(季节、年等)”
如:in 1996, in January, in summer
固定词组:in the morning, in a week,in a minute,in time, in the end
on 用于指具体的某一天或专指某一天上午、下午或晚上等。
如:on Christmas Day, on the night of February 16
at 用于具体时刻前和某些固定词组中。
固定词组:at seven, at the moment, at night, at last, at first, at noon, at times, at once, at this time of the year, at the beginning of, at the end of this month, at the same time。
注意:在表时间里,下列情况下一般不用介词。词组里有:next, last, this, that, tomorrow, yesterday, one, every, all 以及the day before yesterday和the day after tomorrow 前不用介词 。 如:不能说 in tomorrow ,只能说tomorrow (在明天)
E. except +宾格/doing something "除…之外” (不包括本身)
Everyone is at school today except Lin Tao. (同义句转换)
=Only Lin Tao isn't at school today.
F.“用”交通工具 by plane
用语言 in English
通过媒介 on /over the telephone, on /over the radio, on TV
用工具手段 with a pen, with one's hands
G. between “在~和~(两者)之间”
between...and...,
between the two...
among 在...之间(三者或三者以上)
初中英语介词的用法
初中英语介词的用法
一、介词按其构成可分为: 1. 简单介词 at, in, on, to, since, until等。如: He's worked there since 1996. 2. 复合介词 into, onto, out of等。如: Sh...
一、介词按其构成可分为:
1. 简单介词 at, in, on, to, since, until等。如:
He's worked there since 1996.
2. 复合介词 into, onto, out of等。如:
She is out of school. 她毕业了。
3. 二重介词 from under, from behind, from out of, until after, except in等。如:
I'm from out of town. 我是从城外来的。
4. 短语介词 because of, instead of, in spite of等。如:
I went back not because of the rain, but because I was tired.我回去不是因为下雨,而是因为我累了。
二、介词的作用:
1. 表示地点: after, along, at, below, by, of, near, over, through, under等。如:
Near the village the boys are skating on the ice. 男孩子们正在村子附近的冰上滑冰。
They lay down under the shade of a tree. 他们躺在一棵树的树阴下。
2. 表示时间: about, after, across, at, during, for, in, of, till, until等。如:
After class he will tell us about the accident. 课后他将告诉我们有关事故的情况。
A heavy rain has been falling across three days. 一场大雨下了整整三天。
The accident happened during the night. 事故发生在夜间。
3. 表示动作: at, across, around, on, over, under等。如:
The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕太阳运行。
The car is under repair. 汽车在修理中。
4. 表示比较: as, like, above, over, with等。如:
She was something like her sister. 她有几份像她的妹妹。
Chinese is much more difficult in contrast with English. 和英语相比,汉语难得多。
5. 表示原因: about, for, from, with等。如:
Don't worry about my lessons. 不要担心我的功课。
Business kept me from coming. 我因事不能来。
He was angry with what I did. 他对我所做的很气愤。
6. 表示条件: to, with, without等。如:
Without your advice, he would have failed. 没有你的忠告他可能已经失败了。
7. 表示手段、方式: as, by, in, with等。如:
He behaved as a drunkard. 他的举止如同醉汉一样。
Learn the new words by heart.记住这些生词。
We see with our eyes.我们用眼睛看。
8. 表示距离、数量: from, in, within等。如:
My house is ten miles from the school. 我家离学校十英里。
They were thirty in all. 他们总共有三十人。
9. 表示目的: as, for等。如:
I only said it as a joke. 我只是把它当作笑话讲的。
It's time for class. 到上课的时间了。
10. 表示让步: for, with等。如:
For all his effort, he didn't succeed. 虽然他做了一番努力,仍不能成功。
With all his money, he is unhappy. 尽管他有钱,但他并不快乐。
for还可以引导插入语,例如:
I, for one, shall vote against the proposal. 我也投票反对这个提议。