印地语的汉语压码打字、注音、音译与听说训练

Wanting things:
Today we are going to look at a very useful word and phrases to go with it.  That is “चाहिए” (chahie), which means to “want” or “need”.

Before we cover that, let us go over the review questions from the last episode.



Review questions:

Use the correct version of “whose” (i.e. किसका, किसकी, किसके) in the following sentences.

1) यह __किसकी___ मेज़ है?

(yah kiskii mez hai?)

Whose table is this?



2) वह __किसकी_____ गाड़ी है?

(vah kiskii gaarii hai?)

Whose car is that?



3) वे __किसकी_____ छोटी चिड़ियाँ हैं?

(ve kiskii chotii chiriyaan hain?)

Whose small birds are those?



4) वह __किसका_____ लाल घर है?

(vah kiskaa laal ghar hai?)

Whose red house is that?



5) यह __किसका____  बग़ीचा है?

(yah kiskaa bagiichaa hai?)

Whose garden is this?



6) वे __किसके____ बड़े कमरे हैं?

(ve kiske bare kamare hain?)

Whose big rooms are those?



Translate the following from English to Hindi:

7) this – यह (yah)

8) that – वह (vah)

9) these – ये (ye)

10) those -  वे (ve)



Lesson

The sentence pattern for “I want food” is different in Hindi.  In Hindi I would say “Food is wanted to (by) me.”  You can see how this would change everything.  It is not the person that is the subject of the sentence, instead it is the thing that is wanted.  Also, you have to use a different pronoun.  Notice how when we switch around the sentence above “I” became “me”.  A similar thing happens in Hindi.

In English, we would say “I want food.”

In Hindi, we say “मुझको खाना चाहिए” (mujhko khaanaa chahie).



Do you want food?

क्या आपको खाना चाहिए? (kyaa aahko khaanaa chaahie)



He/she/it (close by) wants food.

इस को खाना चाहिए. (is ko kaanaa chaahie)



He/She/It (over there) wants food.

उस को खाना चाहिए. (us ko khaanaa chaahie)



These (people) want food.

इन को खाना चाहिए.  (in ko khaanaa chaahie)



They want food.

उन को खाना चाहिए. (un ko khaanaa chaahie)



In the above sentences, you might have wanted to use मैं (main), यह (yah), वह (vah), ये (ye), or वे (ve).  However, when a pronoun is followed by a postposition, like को, it changes.  This is called the “oblique case”.   Here is an important chart to remember:

Direct case Oblique case
मैं  (main) मुझ  (mujh)
तू  (tuu) तुझ (tujh)
हम (ham) हम  (no change)
तुम (tum) तुम (no change)
आप (aap) आप (no change)
यह (yah) इस (is)
वह (vah) उस (us)
ये (ye) इन (in)
वे ve) उन (un)

You can replace “food” (खाना (khaanaa)) with any other noun, for example, “water” (पानी (panii)) or “room” (कमरा (kamaraa)) or “house” (घर (ghar)) or “car” (गाड़ी).

Consider these sentences:

यह प्यासा है। इस को पानी चाहिए।

(yah pyaasaa hai.  is ko paanii chaahie.)

He is thirsty.  He wants water.

See how we used यह in the “He is thirsty.” sentence, but then refer to the same person using इस in the “He wants water.”  This is a very important difference to understand with using चाहिए.  But it is not just चाहिए, you see this same form with many other verbs.  We will talk more about those in future lessons.

When using a proper noun in a sentence like “Nathan wants a car”, you just need to put को after the proper noun.

नेतिन को एक गाड़ी चाहिए।

(netin ko ek gaarii chaahie)



We will talk more about this in tomorrow’s lesson.  Try these review questions to make sure you understand what was covered.

Give the Oblique case for the following pronouns which are listed in the direct case:

1) मैं

2) वे

Translate the following sentences from English into Hindi:

3) Do you want water?

4) They (over there) want a car.

5) He (close by) does not want a house.

Fill in the blank:

6) वे प्यासे हैं।  ____ पानी चाहिए।

7) जब  मुझे भूख लगती है तब ____  खाना चाहिए।

Translate the following from Hindi into English:

8) गाड़ी –

9) कमरा –

10) कमरे –

比较容易练习压码听懂，记忆句子。

Compulsion
» Internal Compulsion – I have to ….

Compulsion

(See pages 242-249 in Nameste Jii)

The sentence pattern for the present habitual tense is straight forward. It is good for talking about things that you do on a routine basis. Here are some examples of this tense.

(These are the masculine forms and apply to cases where “I” refers to a man.  Females would need to use the feminine forms that end in ती:  पढ़ती, सीखती, बोलती)

I study. मैं पढ़ता हूँ।

I learn Hindi. मैं हिंदी सीखता हूँ।

I speak Hindi. मैं हिंदी बोलता हूँ।

Sometimes you want to make a stronger sentence. It is not that “I study.” But rather, “I have to study.” Here are some examples of this construction.

I must study. मुझको पढ़ना है।

I must learn Hindi. मुझको हिंदी सीखनी है।

I must speak Hindi. मुझको हिंदी बोलनी है।

How does this work? First, the subject of the sentence is put in the oblique case and is followed by को. Then if there is no direct object, the verb is put in the infinitive masculine, singular form and the sentence ends with है in the present tense. If there is a direct object, then the verb agrees with the object in gender and number. The ना ending will change to ने in the masculine plural and नी in the feminine.

For example, “Ram does not drink alcohol.” राम शराब नहीं पीता है। But to create the “compulsion” form of this sentence “Ram must not drink alcohol.” राम को शराब नहीं पीनी है। Let us look at all the changes.

राम became राम को

The verb पीना is left in the infinitive form, but the ending is changed to agree with the शराब which is feminine. Therefore, we change the ending from ना to नी to make पीनी. Finally we end it with है since it is singular.

There are several things to consider here. First, there are three types of compulsion outlined in Nameste Jii: internal compulsion, external compulsion, and moral compulsion. This case covered here is just the first one, internal compulsion. This refers to actions that we make ourselves do, as opposed to things that others make us to.

Second, in the English sentences above “must” is used. But this case also covers those situations where you would use “have to”, “should”, or similar words.

Third, this will also work in the past and future tenses as well. “They had to sing.” Would be उन को गाना था।

Try translating these sentences:

The girl must buy a sari.

The boy should bring his book.

They had to cook the food.

Last time we covered “Internal Compulsion”, where we compel ourselves to do something.  “I have to study Hindi.” (because I really want to learn it.)   At the end of that episode, you were challenged to translate three sentences.  Could you do it?

The girl must buy a sari.  (because she wants to)

लड़की को साड़ी ख़रीदनी है।

[Sandeep points out that this can be written in a different way as: लड़की अवश्य साड़ी ख़रीदे।]



The boy should bring his book. (because he wants to read it later)

लड़के को अपनी किताब लानी है।



They had to cook the food.  (because they were hungry)

उनको खाना पकाना था।



Today, we look at external compulsion (Namaste Jii p. 243).  These same sentences above can be translated into Hindi differently to create a sense that some external force is causing the compulsion.  Next to the sentences above, I put in parenthesis an internal reason why the subject of the sentence felt “compelled” to do something.  Now let’s look at those same sentences, but with an external compulsion.

The girl needs to buy a sari.  (because her mother expects it)

लड़की को साड़ी ख़रीदनी पड़ती है।

  

The boy needs to bring his book. (because the teacher asked for it)

लड़के को किताब लानी पड़ती है।

  

They needed to cook the food.  (because customers are waiting to be fed)

उनको खाना पकाना पड़ता था।



This builds on the internal compulsion forms.  Just add the verb पड़ना using the habitual present forms.  This means to change the ending from ना to ता, ते, or ती.  Also, the main verb and the helping verb on the end are conjugated just as in the internal compulsion form.



Masculine Object – संगीत – song  (see comment from Suresh.  संगीत is more accurately translated as music.  Though it is interesting that several Hindi speakers have read over this, and did not notice.)

उसको संगीत गाना पड़ता है।  She/he had to sing a song.  (because the audience was expecting it)

उसको दो संगीत गाने पड़ते हैं।  She/he had to sing two songs.

Feminine Object – किताब

राम को किताब लिखनी पड़ती है।  Ram had to write a book.  (because his editor kept calling him)

राम को सात किताबें लिखनी पड़ती हैं।  Ram had to write seven books.



पड़ना means “to fall” and in this context you can see the obligation “falling” on the subject.  This can provide a good way to remember an external obligation versus and internal obligation.

There is a listening/reading issue with this.  पड़ना is very close to another common verb, पढ़ना, to ready/study.

Can you hear the difference between पड़ना and पढ़ना?  The difference is between the ड़ and ढ़.  (Sonia does not see any difference between the way they are spoken.  Recommendation is not to even worry about it.)

Consider these sentences:

मेरे बेटों को रोज़ पढ़ना पड़ता है।  My sons must study everyday.

पिता जी को किताब पढ़नी पड़ती है। The father had to read a book. (because his son wanted him to)  


पिता जी को तीन किताबें पढ़नी पड़ती हैं। The father had to read three books.



Try translating these sentences using the external compulsion form:

1) I must read books in Hindi.

2) The students must study for class.

3) The boy must play chess.

Two lessons ago we talked about Internal Compulsion.  I have to learn Hindi (because I want to learn it.)  Yesterday, we talked about external compulsion.  I have to learn Hindi (because my teacher is going to quiz me.).  Today we look at moral compulsion.  I have to learn Hindi (because it is the right thing to do.)

Before we get into moral compulsion, let us go over the translation questions at the end of yesterday’s “External Compulsion” episode.

1) I must read books in Hindi.

मुझको हिंदी में किताबें पढ़नी पड़ती हैं।

2) The students must study for class.

छात्रों को कक्षा के लिये पढ़ना पड़ता है।

3) The boy must play chess.

लड़के को शतरंज खेलना पड़ता है।



What is moral obligation?  It is something that you “should” or “ought to” do.



I should not drink alcohol.

मुझको शराब नहीं पीनी चाहिये।



Vegetarians ought not to eat meat.

शाकाहारी को मांस नहीं खाना चाहिये।



You should call your mom.  

आपको अपनी माता जी को कॉल करना चाहिये।  (you could also say फोन करना)

(At first, I thought it should be करनी because माता appeared to be the object.  However, it is really “call” that is getting done.  And this is why it is करना.)



You ought to go to school.

तुमको स्कूल जाना चाहिये।



Do you see the pattern?  Use the same form as internal compulsion.  This means that the verb agrees with the object in both number and gender. Then remove the helping verb on the end, and add चाहिये.  Notice that चाहिये does not change.

Try translating these sentences into Hindi:

1) You should eat vegetables.

2) He should take his medicine.

3) Sunil should study for school.

» How is your health?
Let us focus on one phrase today, “How is your health?”

आपकी तबीयत कैसी है?  

(aap-kii ta-bii-yat kai-sii hai?)


There are many possible answer to this.  You could say:

My health is good.  मेरी तबीयत ठीक है।  (me-rii ta-bii-yat tthiik hai)

My health is not good.   मेरी तबीयत ठीक नहीं है। (me-rii ta-bii-yat tthiik na-hiin hai)

I have a cold.    मुझे सर्दी हूई है।  (mu-jhe sar-dii huu-ii hai)  

I have a cold.    मुझे ज़ुकाम है।  (mu-jhe zu-kaam hai)

I have a fever.  मुझे बुखार है।  (mu-jhe bu-khaar hai)

I have a cough.  मुझे खाँसी है।  (mu-jhe  khaan-sii hai)

I have a head-ache. मुझे सिर में दर्द है।  (mu-jhe sij men dard hai)

I have a stomach ache.  मुझे पेट में दर्द है।  (mu-jhe pett men dard hai)

» मैं – I
The first person pronoun, I, is very useful in English. I am Nathan. I am American. I was at the office. I study Hindi everyday. These are just some of the examples of English sentences that use the word I. Let us hear what it is in Hindi.

I
मैं

Let us see a number of sentences that use this word. You can of course use it to introduce yourself.
मैं नैथिन हूँ।

I am Meena.
मैं मीना हूँ।

I am Naraindas.
मैं नारायनदास हूँ।

I am Sonia.
मैं सोनिया हूँ।

Get Line by Line audio in the Paid Subscriber area:

http://www.ispeakhindi.com/paid-subscriber-area/2010-august/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82-i/



Here are some other examples.

I am at home.
मैं घर पर हूँ।

I am not at home.
मैं घर पर नहीं हूँ।

The past tense changes depending on the gender of the subject. Here is an example.

I was at the shop. (spoken by a man)
मैं दुकान पर था।

I was at the shop. (spoken by a woman)
मैं दुकान पर थी।

I was tired. (spoken by a man)
मैं थका था।

I was tired. (spoken by a woman)
मैं थकी थी।

I was sick. (spoken by a man)
मैं बीमार था।

I was sick. (spoken by a woman)
मैं बीमार थी।

In the present tense, you do not see any difference in the sentences. Here are similar examples to the above.

I am at the shop.
मैं दुकान पर हूँ।

I am sick.
मैं बीमार हूँ।

While the first person verb for ‘AM’ might not change in the present tense, you still see a difference in adjectives that end in “aa”.

I am tired. (spoken by a man)
मैं थका हूँ।

I am tired. (spoken by a woman)
मैं थकी हूँ।

There is another note to make about the past tense. When using transitive verbs, the object of the sentence becomes the subject of the verb and the person doing the action is designated with the postposition “ne”. The postposition should cause you to use the oblique case of the pronoun, but with mein there is no change. Here are some examples of transitive verbs in the past tense.

I drank tea.
मैं ने चाय पी।

I ate food.
मैं ने खाना खाया।

Now let us look at some examples in the future tense.

I will drink water. (spoken by a man)
मैं पानी पीऊँगा।

I will drink water. (spoken by a woman)
मैं पानी पीऊँगी।

I will speak. (spoken by a man)
मैं बोलूँगा।

I will speak. (spoken by a woman)
मैं बोलूँगी।
In this lesson we looked at the word for “I” and saw it in a variety of contexts. Try creating some of your own sentences and post them in the comments sections. Try searching on the Internet for examples of using the word for “I”. Try using some of these examples in a conversation today with a Hindi speaking friend. Check back tomorrow for another word of the day episode.

» Phone Phrase – Part 1 – Who is this?
Today is Monday, June 9, 2008.

“Who is this?”(with respect) ये कौन हैं?

When talking to someone with respect, you use the plural version of pronouns and verbs. Therefore, if you look at ये कौन हैं? You would literally have “Who are these?” Which would not make sense. But in Hindi, when talking to someone with respect, it is correct.

ये = these (formal; grammatically plural)

The singular form of ये is यह.

कौन = who

हैं = are

The singular version of हैं is है. The bindu appears with the plural version but is not present in the singular version. The bindu adds a nasal sound.

If you want to say “Who is this?” in a casual way, without the formal respect that is in “ये कौन हैं?”, then you would say “यह कौन है?”.

“What is your name?” – आपका नाम क्या है?

“Who is speaking?” – आप कौन बोल रहे हैं?

In English, we often try to make phrases seem more respectful by adding “please”. For example, instead of saying “Who is speaking?” we might say, “who is speaking please?”. It might be tempting to add “कृपया” which is the Hindi word for “please” into these phrases. However, that is not necessary, because “आप” and “ये” already convey the respect.

» Phone Phrase – Part 2 – Not at home  
  घर पर नहीं हैं।  ----ghar par nahiin hain
    My husband is not at home  美人 巴蒂 嘎达 帕 纳嘿 嗨
मेरे पति घर पर नहीं हैं।  (mere pati ghar par nahiin hain.)

Today is Tuesday, June 10, 2008.

“My husband is not at home.” – मेरे पति घर पर नहीं हैं।  (mere pati ghar par nahiin hain.)

My wife is not at home. – मेरी पत्नी घर पर नहीं हैं।  (merii patnii ghar par nahiin hain.)

My son is not at home. – मेरा बेटा घर पर नहीं है। (mera beta ghar par nahiin hai.)

My daughter is not at home. – मेरी बेटी घर पर नहीं है।  (meri betii ghar par nahiin hai.)

英语：My husband is not at home
印地语：मेरे पति घर पर नहीं है
拼音：Mērē pati ghara para nahīṁ hai
英音： (mere pati ghar par nahiin hain.)
新语序：My husband home at not  is
新语序：我的丈夫家在不是

My wife is not at home
मेरी पत्नी घर पर नहीं है
Mērī patnī ghara para nahīṁ hai
(merii patnii ghar par nahiin hain.)
新语序：My wife home at not  is
新语序：我的妻子家在不是

My son is not at home
मेरा बेटा घर पर नहीं है
Mērā bēṭā ghara para nahīṁ hai
(mera beta ghar par nahiin hai.)
新语序：My son home at not  is
新语序：我的儿子家在不是

My daughter is not at home
मेरी बेटी घर पर नहीं है
Mērī bēṭī ghara para nahīṁ hai
(meri betii ghar par nahiin hai.)
新语序：My daug home at not  is
新语序：我的女儿家在不是

» Phone 5
Today, we conclude this first session on phrases related to talking on the telephone. Here are some of the things that are covered:

What is your phone number?

Need to know the numbers from 0-9 in order to answer or understand this.

Code Number for India is 91.

What is a good time to call?

你的电话号码是什么？
What is your phone number?
आपका फोन नंबर क्या है?
Āpakā phōna nambara kyā hai?
新语序：
your phone number What is ?

你的号码什么是？

我的电话号码是91 135 248 10769
My phone number is nine one, one, three, five, two, four, eight, one, zero, seven, six, nine
मेरा फोन नंबर नौ, एक, तीन, पांच, दो, चार, आठ एक, शून्य सात, छह, नौ है
Mērā phōna nambara nau, ēka, tīna, pān̄ca, dō, cāra, āṭha ēka, śūn'ya sāta, chaha, nau， hai

What is a good time to call?
क्या एक अच्छा कॉल करने के लिए समय है?
Kyā ēka acchā kŏla karanē kē li'ē samaya hai?
新语序：
What  a good to call time is?
什么一个好去打电话时间是？




This is a good area to cover since you may have the need to talk on the phone with Hindi speakers regardless of where you are. Perhaps working with co-workers, business partners, and making travel arrangements in India from your home country. Once you are in India, you may have to talk to people locally on the phone. I would like to put together some more lessons around this area. If you have suggestions, please leave them as comments on our website

» Phone 4
“Please call back.”
aji song wasi dong jong duhadewa adehai
pls k b c
ke biya bademi feng diji ai


"वापस कॉल करें. "
"Vāpasa kŏla karēṁ."

Here are some phrases we cover:

“Please call back.”

“Please call back in half an hour.”
ap adigen bate fer feieng digen ap.

“Please call back in 2 hours.”
genbiya dou gen digen basi feng dibi aite

“Call back tomorrow.”
a ge age feng diji ai

“Call back in the evening.”
dibiya ab sang kao feng diji ai

“Call back tomorrow morning.”
gibiya ap gelu shube feng diji ait

“Call back at night.”
geibiya apo sangbu feng diji ait

“Please call back in half an hour.”
"आधे घंटे में वापस फोन करें. "
"Ādhē ghaṇṭē mēṁ vāpasa phōna karēṁ."
新语序：
half hour in back Phone Please
半小时在回电话请。

“Please call back in two hours.”
"दो घंटे में वापस फोन करें. "
"Dō ghaṇṭē mēṁ vāpasa phōna karēṁ."
two hours  in back call  Please
2小时在回电话。

“Call back tomorrow.”
"कल वापस बुलाओ."
"Kala vāpasa bulā'ō."
新语序：
tomorrow  back Call
明天回拨。

“Call back in the evening.”
"शाम को वापस बुलाओ."
"Śāma kō vāpasa bulā'ō."

“Call back tomorrow morning.”
"कल सुबह वापस बुलाओ."
"Kala subaha vāpasa bulā'ō."
新语序：
tomorrow morning back Call

“Call back at night.”
"रात को वापस बुलाओ."
"Rāta kō vāpasa bulā'ō."
新语序：
night at back Call

可以练习汉语拼音听写语音句子。需要修改一下实际的读音，软件翻译的语序不准确。