自学印地语4 ：有一些茶叶

3 Routine events

We now take a big step forward by learning how to to describe present-tense events and actions - starting with the verb
बोलना bolna 'to speak'
and  समझना samajhna 'to understand':

मैं हिंसी बोलता हूँ .main hindi bolta hun. I speak Hindi. [male speaker]

मैं हिन्दी समझता हूँ .main hindi samajhta hun. I understand Hindi. [male speaker]

This is a present tense that describes actions that are done regularly or habitually. It is called the 'imperfective', and it consists of two parts. First, the word describing the action is बोलता  bolta, which consists of the stem बोल bol plus the ending –त  -ta
बोल +त =बोलता bol+ta=bolta
समझ +त =समझता samajh + ta = samajhta

The second part is the verb 'to be' - here
हूँ hun- already familian to us from
मैं हूँ  main hun 'I am'.
Its purpose here is to show that the varb is in the present tense ('I speak', rather than 'I used to speak').

As you might expect,
बोलता bolta c
hanges to
बोलते  bolte
in masculine plural, and to
बोलति  bolti
in the feminine; the part of the verb 'to be' also changes with the subject
–वे बिल्टी हैं  ve bilti hain etc.

मैं हिन्दी बोलती हूँ .main hindi bolti hun. I speak Hindi. [female]
तुम हिन्दी बोलती हो .tum hindi bolte ho. You speak Hindi. [male]
तुम हिन्दी बोलता हो .tum hindi bolti ho. You speak Hindi. [female]
वह हिन्दी बोलता है .vah hindi bolta hai. He speaks Hindi.
वह हिन्दी बोलती है .vah hindi bolti hai. She speaks Hindi.

हम /आप /वे हिन्दी बोलते हैं  .
ham/ap/ve hindi bolte hai.
We/you/they speak Hindi. [male]

हम /आप /वे हिन्दी बोलती हैं .
ham/aap/ve hindi bolte hain.
We/you/they speak Hindi. [female]

Where do you live? What do you do?
Let's look at examples of this tense using other verbs:
आप कहाँ रहती हैं ?
aap kahan rahti hain? Where do you live?
मैं  दिल्ली मैं  रहती हूँ .
main dilli mai rahti hun .I’ live in Delhi.

आप क्या कम करती हैं .
aap kya kam karti hain? What work do you do?
मैं संगीतकार हूँ ,सितार बजती हूँ .
main sangitkar hun; sitar bajati hun. I'm a musician; I play the sitar.

क्या आपके पति भी सितार बजाते हैं ?
kya apke pati bhi sitar bajate hain? Does your husband play the sitar too?

जी हैं ,वे आँरेजी पढाते हैं .
ji nahin ve angrezi padhiIte hain. No, he teaches English.