压码注音对于正确音译历史故事中的人名、地名的重要性
下面是一段现代的土耳其（古代的奥斯曼、波斯帝国）的一段历史故事，讲的是宗教信仰、道德文明的历史沿革。我们给出了中英文对照主要的目的是帮助注意那些大写单词就是人名和地名，你可以看看后面的中文音译的是否正确，对于历史地理的文章是比较难理解的，他难度不在文章本身，而在于你是否可以正确的朗读那些第一次见到的名词性生词，这也是检验一下我们平时注音的能力，能够具备英语只读能力，实际上这类文章如果你能够将带大写字母的单词朗读准确了，理解并没有多大的难度，如果你不能正确的拼读，你就会也读速度极低，也不容易理解，同时由于自己不会朗读生词（人名和地名出现为生词是不可避免的，记住就是记住音译的声音而已）。
我们在压码注音的时候讲到：一个语音用一个字母代替，只要声母不要韵母，而不是只要辅音不要元音，就是要大家确定正确的读音应该是什么，而不是模棱两可。你看到下面的文章，可以在心中注音，看文字直接看到精确的注音的声音即可连续不停的朗读下去，不然的话你就会产生朗读不动的感觉。实际上英语阅读能力只要能够硬着头皮连续不停的朗读下去，就就会发现自己原来远远低估的阅读理解记忆能力，但是由于你不会只读，就是说你不会朗读生词，所以你硬着头皮朗读，心里就会产生厌倦情绪，让你坚持不下去朗读那些你自己连语音朗读不知道对错的文章，所以你也就无法朗读理解了。
所谓不要看翻译，实际上就是翻译耽误我们朗读理解的速度，你可能没有看翻译的时候朗读不管翻译的意思，朗读的都是读音很畅快，一会就会感觉英语就自然理解了。但是一旦加入了翻译，朗读的就不是读音了，而是反复在单词的凡是上纠缠时间了，就不动了，你就会感觉到朗读实在是一个负担，你就会很快被催眠，你困，就要休息、想睡觉，自己练习不下去了。平时大家是不是这个问题？
想懂反而不懂，不想懂只想关注读音反而很快就自然理解了。
阅读以后的记忆也是一样，如果你看一篇文章当时对生词的读音琢磨很长时间，可能这样朗读，也可能是那样朗读，因为英语和汉语不同的是一个单词可以反复使用同一个字母的读音，而汉语拼音就不会出现重复读音字母，所以你不知道自己读音对不对。由于你不知道自己读的对不对，所以你下次朗读还是一样不知道自己读的对不对，你没有记住语音，你也很难就只意思，及时你翻译了这个人名和地名的单词，实际上根本就不需要翻译，因为翻译就是音译，音译还是不精确的，只是告诉你他的音节，也就是读音在哪里断开，哪里重复了，就像我们注音的语音字母一样。所以你每次朗读不能确定对错的读音，下次就不能很好的记住，即使翻译了也记不住。而你能够大声朗读了朗读准确、流利了，下次朗读就记住了。这个流利你可以通过多重压码来实现，而这个准确你必须可以在平时注音中学会语音字母的声母注音，知道那个字母才是要出一个读音的，那个字母是语音修正的自己不会出现一个读音。
自己试验一下对下面的任意一段进行注音一下。
Ottoman and Persian Empires 1300-1730奥斯曼和波斯帝国1300年至一七三〇年
Ottoman Empire to 1451到1451年奥斯曼帝国
The origins of the Ottomans are indicated by early tales of the Oghuz and Turks attributed to the soothsayer Dede Korkut. According to historian Rashid al-Din (d. 1318), Dede Korkut went on an embassy for Oghuz khan Inal Syr Yavkuy to the prophet Muhammad and was converted to Islam but lived to be 295 years old.起源的土耳其人都表明早期的故事Oghuz和土耳其人归因于占卜者德德科尔库特。据历史学家拉希德al - Din的（ 4 1318年） ，德德科尔库特了大使馆的Oghuz汗胃肠锡尔河Yavkuy先知穆罕默德，并皈依伊斯兰教，但活到老二百九十五年。 The Oghuz migrated west from the Altai mountains and Lake Baikal to the Caspian Sea region.移居西部的Oghuz从阿尔泰山脉和贝加尔湖的里海地区。 They became Muslims and helped the Seljuq family conquer Persia and Anatolia in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.他们成为穆斯林和帮助Seljuq家庭征服波斯和土耳其在11和12世纪。 The army of the early Ottoman dynasty was mostly Oghuz. The Book of Dede Korkut was finalized about 1400 but describes the primitive life of the early warriors in heroic terms.军队的奥托曼王朝的早期，主要是Oghuz 。 书德德科尔库特定稿1400但描述了原始生命的早期勇士英勇条款。 The Oghuz warriors prided themselves on telling the truth, courage in battle, and family loyalty.勇士的Oghuz自豪的说实话，在战场上的勇气，和家庭的忠诚度。 They were devoted to the one God of their Muslim religion and had no qualms about "cutting off heads" and taking booty from infidels.他们致力于一个上帝的穆斯林宗教，也没有疑虑“切断元首” ，并考虑战利品从异教徒。 Even a princess could fight in battle or wrestle a prospective husband.即使是公主可以杀敌或摔跤未来的丈夫。 The wisdom of Dede Korkut noted, "When a man has wealth as massive as the black mountain, he piles it up and gathers it in and seeks more, but he can eat no more than his portion."2人的智慧德德科尔库特指出， “当一个人拥有财富的黑色大山，他堆起来，收集它，并寻求更多的，但他可以吃不超过他的一部分。 ” 2
The most important Oghuz relationship was between father and son.最重要的Oghuz之间的关系是父子。 In the story of Dirse Khan's son Boghach, forty jealous warriors slander Boghach, causing the father to shoot his son with an arrow for supposed immorality.的故事中Dirse汗的儿子Boghach ，第四十三嫉妒勇士诽谤Boghach ，导致拍摄的父亲与他的儿子一个箭头的假定不道德。 The boy is nursed back to health by his mother and is reunited with his father.这名男孩是调养的是他的母亲和他的父亲团聚。 In these tales the just win their rewards, but the unjust are disgraced.在这些故事刚刚赢得他们的报酬，但不公平的是丢脸。 The heroes often win phenomenal victories over the unbelievers or monsters, sometimes for the love of a princess.英雄往往惊人的胜利赢得了信教或怪物，有时爱的公主。 An Oghuz warrior tells the son of Ushun Koja that every noble has to win his place with his sword and bread, asking him, "Have you cut off heads and spilled blood? Have you fed the hungry and clothed the naked?"3 Young Egrek replies that if this is a clever thing to do, he would like to go on a raid.一位战士告诉Oghuz的儿子Ushun科贾，每个崇高已经赢得他的地位，他的剑和面包，问他： “你切断元首和蔓延血？你美联储饥饿和衣服的裸体？ ” 3杨Egrek答复说，如果这是一个聪明的事，他想在RAID 。 Egrek is captured by six hundred infidels, but he is rescued by his brother Segrek and is brought home to his family. Egrek是俘虏600异教徒，但他救起，他的弟弟Segrek ，并带回家给他的家人。
Ahmad ibn Taymiyya (1263-1328) was a religious critic in Syria and Egypt.艾哈迈德伊本Taymiyya （ 1263年至1328年）是一个宗教评论家在叙利亚和埃及。 He was arrested at various places for his decrees and writings, and he spent the last two years of his life in prison at Damascus.他涉嫌在不同地方的法令和著作，他花了近两年来，他终身监禁在大马士革。 In his Book on Religious Law he argued that Islam is superior to Judaism and Christianity, because the religious duty of commanding right and forbidding wrong is made effective by the power and authority of a leader (imam).在他的书中对宗教法律他认为，伊斯兰教是优于犹太教和基督教，因为宗教义务的指挥权，并禁止错误是有效的权力和权威的领导者（阿訇） 。 Yet the ruler is morally and legally obligated to consult with others, and even the executive is subordinate to Islamic law.然而，统治者在道义上和法律上有义务与其他国家进行磋商，甚至执行隶属于伊斯兰法。
The founder of the Ottoman dynasty was Osman Ghazi (r. 1299-1326), son of Ertoghrul, whose band of warriors converted to Islam and grew from four hundred to four thousand.创始人是奥斯曼奥斯曼王朝齐（河1299年至1326年） ，儿子Ertoghrul ，他带的战士改信伊斯兰教和数量从400到4000 。 Ghazi implies a holy warrior for Islam, and Osman's army managed to defeat a Byzantine force of 2,000 men at Baphaeon in 1301.齐意味着神圣战士伊斯兰教，奥斯曼军队打败了一个管理拜占庭力2000年男子Baphaeon 1301 。 After a nine-year siege, Brusa (Bursa) was conquered the year Osman died.经过9年的围困， Brusa （交易所）已征服了一年奥斯曼厄尔死亡。 He was succeeded by his son Orkhan (r. 1326-60), who was chosen by Osman for his military ability over his scholarly older brother Ala-ed-Din. Traveler Ibn Battuta called Orkhan the greatest of the Turkman kings, noting that his wealth included a hundred fortresses.他是接替他的儿子Orkhan （河1326至1360年） ，所选择谁是他的军事奥斯曼，他的学术能力哥哥丙氨酸男女- Din的。旅行者伊本白图泰呼吁Orkhan的最大土库曼国王指出，他的财富包括100堡垒。 Orkhan defeated the Byzantine army of Andronicus III at Pelekanon in 1329 and took over Nicaea two years later. Orkhan打败了拜占庭军队的安德罗尼科第三次Pelekanon在1329年和接管尼西亚两年后。 Raiding in the Aegean Sea by a Turkish navy led by Umur Bey caused the Christian nations to begin planning a crusade in 1332.执法人员在爱琴海的土耳其海军领导Umur贝造成了基督教各着手规划在1332年的十字军东征。 Nicomedia fell to the Turks in 1337. Nicomedia下降到1337年的土耳其人。
The Ottomans tolerated Christians, but only Muslims were obligated to serve in the military and thus could have tenure over tax-free land.奥特曼帝国容忍基督徒，但只有穆斯林有义务服兵役，从而可能使用权免税的土地。 While Orkhan led the military conquests, Ala-ed-Din organized the Ottoman government in a civilized way.虽然Orkhan导致军事征服，丙氨酸男女- Din的有组织奥托曼政府在一个文明的方式。 The Ottomans drove out the Greek and Latin landlords that had oppressed the peasants, who found their taxes were lower when the Turkish sultan "owned" their lands.奥特曼帝国赶走希腊和拉丁业主已被压迫的农民，谁发现自己的税收较低时，土耳其苏丹“拥有”自己的土地。 Bordering lands could be held by Christians if they became vassals of the sultan and paid tribute; but the Turks outlawed using the forced labor of peasants by feudal lords or monasteries. The Ottomans encouraged immigration, and many nomad Turks settled in Europe.接壤的土地可以由基督徒，如果他们成为奴仆的苏丹和赞扬;但特克斯禁止使用强迫劳动的农民的封建领主或寺庙。奥特曼帝国鼓励移民，许多游牧土耳其人在欧洲定居。 The motive of holy war (ghaza) continually expanded their empire into Christian lands; but they needed a legal decree (fatwa) from an Islamic cleric ('ulama) to justify attacking other Muslims.的动机圣战（ ghaza ）不断扩大其帝国到基督教的土地，但他们需要有一个法律法令（法特瓦）从伊斯兰神职人员（ '乌里玛）来证明攻击其他穆斯林。
Orkhan gave John Cantacuzenus military aid and married his daughter Theodora in 1346. Orkhan了约翰Cantacuzenus军事援助和他的女儿结婚Theodora在1346年。 About 6,000 Turkish troops had crossed over into Europe the previous year and ravaged Thrace, besieging Constantinople and enabling Cantacuzenus to return there in 1347. Three years later the Ottoman cavalry helped Cantacuzenus dislodge Serbian Dushan from Salonika; but the Turks did not stay in Europe, returning to Asia Minor with their booty. 6000土耳其部队已越过进入欧洲前一年和蹂躏的色雷斯，围攻君士坦丁堡和扶持Cantacuzenus回到那里的1347年。三年之后，奥斯曼骑兵帮助Cantacuzenus驱逐塞尔维亚独山从斯洛尼卡;但土耳其人没有留在欧洲，返回小亚细亚的战利品。 In 1352 the Ottomans granted their first commercial capitulation to Genoa.在1352年的土耳其人给予其首次商业投降热那亚。 The next year Orkhan's son Sulayman Pasha led an Ottoman force that captured the fortress of Tzympe near Gallipoli, which was occupied by the Turks after a devastating earthquake in 1354.明年Orkhan的儿子Sulayman帕夏率领一个奥特曼的力量，占领了要塞附近加利波利Tzympe ，这是占领的特克斯破坏性地震后，在1354年。 The Ottomans made an alliance with the Genoese that year and also took over Ankara. Sulayman Pasha extended their conquests west and cut off Constantinople from Adrianople; but he died in a horse accident.奥特曼帝国作了联盟与热那亚这一年还接管了安卡拉。 Sulayman帕夏延长其征服西部和切断君士坦丁堡从Adrianople ;但他死在马意外。 When Theodora's son Khalil was captured by pirates in 1357, his father Orkhan ordered John V to besiege Phocaea.当Theodora的儿子，哈利勒被抓获的海盗在1357年，他的父亲约翰五世Orkhan下令围攻Phocaea 。 However, John could not persuade his Byzantine navy to maintain the siege, and in 1359 he made a treaty with Orkhan acknowledging his holdings in Thrace.然而，约翰无法说服他的拜占庭海军保持包围，并在1359年他提出了条约Orkhan承认他的控股公司在色雷斯。
Orkhan's son Murad I (r. 1361-89) and the Turks spread terror by taking Demotika and massacring the garrison at Chorlu. Orkhan的儿子穆拉德口（河1361年至1389年）和特克斯采取散布恐怖和屠杀Demotika驻军在Chorlu 。 Adrianople submitted and replaced Bursa as the Ottoman capital Edirne. Adrianople取代布尔萨提交的奥托曼资本埃迪尔内。 The Turks defeated the Serbians and Hungarians at the Maritza River in 1364.特克斯击败了塞尔维亚和匈牙利的玛河在1364年。 Two years later Amadeo of Savoy answered a papal crusade and regained Gallipoli before sailing into the Black Sea to attack Bulgarian Christians.两年后阿马迪奥的萨沃伊回答了教皇的十字军东征和恢复加里波利航行到前黑海攻击保加利亚基督教徒。 He also fought Greeks who would not submit to the Roman Church.他还打希腊人谁不向罗马教会。 However, Sultan Murad accepted thousands of Christian troops into his army and exempted them from taxation on the imperial lands allotted to them.然而，苏丹穆拉德接受成千上万的基督教部队进入他的军队，并免除他们从税收上的帝国土地分配给它们。 The Turks enslaved those captured in war if they did not convert to Islam, and the Ottoman government received one-fifth of their value; many Greeks bought their freedom.特克斯奴役那些在战争中被俘，如果他们不皈依伊斯兰教，并在奥托曼政府收到的五分之一其价值;许多希腊人购买了他们的自由。 Orkhan had begun the devshirme practice of training enslaved Christian boys to be Muslim soldiers called Janissaries; they were selected for their ability and were strictly disciplined to serve the sultan, not being allowed to marry, own property, or do other work. Orkhan已开始devshirme实践培训奴役基督教男孩被称为Janissaries穆斯林士兵，他们选定了自己的能力和严格的纪律，为苏丹，而不是被允许结婚，自己的财产，或做其他工作。 Christians criticized this system of military slavery.基督徒批评这个制度的军事奴隶制。
By 1369 the Ottomans had taken over the Maritza valley and most of southern Bulgaria, making Shishman a vassal.由1369年的土耳其人已经采取了玛莉莎河谷和南部的大部分保加利亚，使Shishman附庸。 The Serbian army was defeated again at the Maritza in 1371, and the Turks conquered eastern Macedonia, colonizing Drama and Serres and converting their churches into mosques.塞尔维亚军队被击败的玛莉莎再次在1371年，和土耳其人征服东马其顿，殖民戏剧和塞瑞斯和转化他们的教堂改为清真寺。 Murad was the sultan who had his son Sauci blinded and ordered the same done to the Greek rebels. In the 1380s the Ottoman empire extended into Serbia by taking several major cities; resistance in Anatolia was crushed at Konya in 1387; and they completed the conquest of Bulgaria in 1388. However, Murad was assassinated prior to the Turks' climactic victory over the Serbians at Kosovo in 1389.穆拉德是苏丹谁，他的儿子Sauci失明，并下令同做希腊叛军。在1380s奥斯曼帝国扩展到塞尔维亚采取几个主要城市;阻力在安纳托利亚被撞碎在科尼亚在1387年，他们完成了征服保加利亚在1388年。然而，穆拉德被暗杀之前，土耳其人'恶果战胜了塞尔维亚人在科索沃的1389年。
Murad's son Bayezid I (r. 1389-1402) was called the Thunderbolt and began his reign by having his brother Yaqub strangled with a bowstring so that the popular commander would not challenge his rule.穆拉德的儿子Bayezid口（河1389至1402年）被称为霹雳，并开始了他的统治由他的哥哥雅各布勒死了弓弦，这样受欢迎的指挥官不会挑战他的统治。 After killing many Serbian nobles at Kosovo, Bayezid made an alliance with Prince Lazar's son Stephen Bulcovitz, who paid tribute from Serbian silver mines and provided Serbian troops for the Ottoman army, sharing in the booty.在杀害了许多塞尔维亚贵族在科索沃， Bayezid作了同盟王子拉扎尔的儿子史蒂芬Bulcovitz ，谁赞扬塞尔维亚银矿和塞族军队提供的奥斯曼军队，分享战利品。 In 1390 Bayezid got the Byzantines to help his army defeat the Karamanids and the last Greek city in Asia Minor, Philadelphia.在1390年Bayezid了拜占庭，以帮助他的军队打败Karamanids和去年希腊城邦小亚细亚， 76 。 After invading Bulgaria and blockading Constantinople, Bayezid was the first Turk to cross the Danube and raid Hungary, supporting Wallachians who wanted to revolt from Hungarian rule.在保加利亚和封锁入侵君士坦丁堡， Bayezid是第一蒂尔克跨多瑙河和RAID匈牙利，支持Wallachians谁想要反抗来自匈牙利的规则。 King Sigismund reacted by invading Bulgaria and capturing Nicopolis, though he was soon driven from there by the Ottoman army.国王西吉斯蒙德反应入侵保加利亚和捕捉Nicopolis ，但他很快被赶出那里奥斯曼军队。 Not trusting his vassal Shishman, Sultan Bayezid had him executed and annexed Bulgaria to his Ottoman empire. Bayezid besieged Constantinople, and Emperor Manuel II had to accept a Muslim quarter in his capital under an Islamic tribunal; 6,000 Ottoman troops were garrisoned at Galata.不相信他的附庸Shishman ，苏丹Bayezid处决了他和所附保加利亚他奥斯曼帝国。 Bayezid围攻君士坦丁堡，以及皇帝曼努埃尔二世不得不接受一个穆斯林季度在他的下一个资本伊斯兰法庭; 6000奥斯曼军队驻防在加拉塔。 The Turks then conquered Thessalonica and raided Morea.特克斯然后征服塞萨洛尼卡和搜查Morea 。 Hungarian king Sigismund's crusade of 1396 was defeated at Nicopolis after the French led a foolish advance; ten thousand were killed as Bayezid had many prisoners beheaded.匈牙利国王西吉斯蒙德的十字军东征的1396年被击败后，在法国Nicopolis率领一个愚蠢的推进;一点○○○万被杀害Bayezid有许多囚犯斩首。
Timur the Lame (Tamerlane) was born in 1336 south of Samarqand in Transoxiana and became the leader of the Jagatai tribes, becoming sovereign at Balkh in 1369.铁木尔瘸腿（ Tamerlane ）出生于1336年在南方的撒马尔罕Transoxiana成为领导人的Jagatai部落，成为主权在巴尔赫在1369年。 Timur was a brilliant strategist and a ruthless warrior.铁木尔是一个辉煌的战略家和一名残忍的武士。 In the next thirty years he led his mobile army in numerous conquests, including over the Golden Horde of Mongols who had been ruling in Russia.在往后的30年中，他带领他的移动军队在征服无数，其中包括金帐汗国的蒙古人谁一直在俄罗斯的裁决。 He conquered Persia before 1386, and his army of perhaps 800,000 men gained the attention of Bayezid in Anatolia by executing captured Ottomans at Erzinjan. In 1395 while Bayezid was in the Balkans, Timur's forces captured the city of Siwas and massacred 120,000 captives.他在1386年征服了波斯，和他的军队也许八十点零万获得男子注意Bayezid在安纳托利亚执行抓获土耳其人在Erzinjan 。在1395年同时Bayezid是在巴尔干地区，帖木儿的部队占领了城市Siwas和屠杀十二点〇 〇 〇万俘虏。 He then defeated the Egyptian army and had the people of Aleppo slaughtered.然后，他击败了埃及军队和人民的阿勒颇宰杀。 In 1398 he crossed the Indus River, and his army sacked Delhi.在1398年，他越过了梧桐河，和他的军队解雇新德里。
The restless Timur quickly returned to his capital at Samarqand and destroyed the rest of the Egyptian army at Damascus.铁木尔的不安很快回到自己的首都撒马尔罕和销毁其余的埃及军队在大马士革。 Only a plague of locusts prevented Timur from conquering Jerusalem and Egypt.只有蝗灾阻止铁木尔从征服耶路撒冷和埃及。 He conquered "impregnable" Baghdad in 1401; after sparing the lives of imams, scholars, and children, Timur ordered his 90,000 soldiers each to bring a decapitated head as the rest of the inhabitants were slaughtered.他征服了“坚不可摧的” 1401年在巴格达后保留的生命阿訇，学者，和儿童，铁木尔命令他的90000名士兵，以使每头头部，其余的居民被屠杀。 He sent messages to his fellow Muslim Bayezid about his encroachments on the western part of his empire; but Bayezid's haughty replies led in 1402 to the battle at Ankara.他发送的邮件，以他的同胞对他的穆斯林Bayezid侵犯西部他帝国;但Bayezid的高傲的答复在1402年领导的战斗在安卡拉。 Bayezid was criticized for his licentiousness that set a bad example and for not paying his soldiers. Bayezid有人批评他的淫，确定一个坏榜样，并没有支付他的士兵。 After the Tatars in the Ottoman army went over to Timur's side, Bayezid was defeated and captured.在鞑靼人在奥托曼军队走到朋友的身边， Bayezid战败被俘。 Timur humiliated the former sultan by keeping him in an iron cage and making Bayezid's wife serve them naked until Bayezid died the next year, probably by suicide. Also in 1402 Timur drove the Knights of Rhodes out of Smyrna. He let his son and grandson rule Samarqand and died on his way to China in 1405.铁木尔羞辱前苏丹保持他在一个铁笼和决策Bayezid的妻子赤身裸体为他们服务，直到Bayezid死亡明年，可能是自杀。此外，在1402年铁木尔驾驶武士罗德的士每拿。他让他的儿子和孙子规则撒马尔罕和死亡途中我国在1405年。
Bayezid's son Musa was also captured in the battle of Ankara; but his other three sons escaped and began a civil war that lasted a decade. Bayezid的儿子穆萨也是在战斗中被俘的安卡拉，但他的其他三个儿子逃跑，并开始一场内战持续了10年。 In 1405 Sulayman attacked and killed his brother 'Isa. The next year Musa attacked the combined force of Sulayman and the Byzantine emperor Manuel II in Thrace; but when Musa's Serbians and Bulgarians deserted, Sulayman occupied Edirne.在1405年Sulayman攻击和杀害他的兄弟'赫伊萨。明年穆萨攻击部队的Sulayman和拜占庭皇帝曼努埃尔二世在色雷斯;但是，当穆萨的塞族和保加利亚空无一人， Sulayman占领埃迪尔内。 Sulayman married a granddaughter of Manuel but lost the Janissaries because of his drinking and debauchery. Sulayman嫁给了一个孙女曼努埃尔但输掉了Janissaries因为他的酗酒和放荡。 In 1409 Musa used Turks and Wallachians to attack Sulayman, who fled and was later killed when he was found sleeping off a binge.穆萨在1409年特克斯和Wallachians用来攻击Sulayman ，谁逃离，其后被杀时，他被发现睡了狂欢。 Another brother Mehmed was ruling Bursa and was allied with Emperor Manuel.另一个兄弟穆罕默德是执政党联合交易所，并与皇帝曼努埃尔。 After the Janissaries deserted him, Musa's army was defeated; he was captured, and Mehmed ordered him bowstrung.在Janissaries抛弃了他，穆萨的军队被击败，他被抓获，并命令他bowstrung穆罕默德。 The youngest brother Qasim was a hostage of Manuel.最年轻的弟弟卡西姆是人质的曼努埃尔。
Mehmed I (r. 1413-21) was called the Gentleman, and he made peace with envoys from Venice, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Wallachia. In 1416 he allowed the Knights of Rhodes to build a castle in Lycia for those fleeing from Muslims.穆罕默德口（河1413年至1421年）被称为绅士，他提出和平与使节威尼斯，塞尔维亚，保加利亚和瓦拉几亚。在1416年，他让骑士罗德建设的一座城堡里利西亚那些逃离穆斯林。 That year he went to war with Venice, because their ships were plundering Turkish coasts; but the Turks were badly defeated as 27 of their vessels were captured.这一年，他到战争与威尼斯，因为他们的船只被掠夺土耳其海岸;但土耳其人的严重失败的船只27日被抓获。 Mehmed had several forts erected along the Danube and brought Ottoman organization to that conquered region.穆罕默德有几个堡垒竖立沿多瑙河和奥托曼组织带来的征服地区。 When he tried to do the same for the Serbs, Hungarian king Sigismund attacked and defeated the Turks between Nish and Nicopolis in 1419.当他试图做同样的塞尔维亚人，匈牙利国王西吉斯蒙德攻击和打败了土耳其人之间尼什和Nicopolis在1419年。 Young Mehmed had a fit and died when he fell from his horse at Edirne. He was succeeded by his son Murad.杨有一个合适的穆罕默德去世时，他从他的马在埃迪尔内。他是接替他的儿子穆拉德。
Murad II (r. 1421-51) began his reign by besieging Constantinople in 1422; but he had to abandon this to quell a challenge to his throne by Mustafa, who had captured Gallipoli.穆拉德二世（河1421年至1451年）开始了他的统治在1422年围攻君士坦丁堡，但他不得不放弃这一平息了挑战王位的穆斯塔法，谁抓获加里波利。 After defeating Mustafa, Murad made a treaty with Byzantine emperor John VIII in 1423 and resided at Edirne (Adrianople).战胜穆斯塔法，穆拉德了条约拜占庭皇帝约翰八中1423年，居住在埃迪尔内（ Adrianople ） 。 The Turks fought the Venetians for the next seven years over Salonika (Thessalonica), which was captured in 1430 as the Turks sold 7,000 of its inhabitants into slavery; a treaty allowed Venice trading rights in the Ottoman empire.特克斯打威尼斯人在未来七年以上萨洛尼卡（塞萨洛尼卡） ，其中在1430年被绑架的土耳其人售出7000居民到奴役;条约允许威尼斯交易权在奥托曼帝国。 Murad had signed a truce with Hungary in 1428, and the princes of Wallachia, Serbia, and Bosnia swore allegiance to the Sultan.穆拉德已经签署了停火协议，在1428年与匈牙利和王子瓦拉齐亚，塞尔维亚和波斯尼亚宣誓效忠的苏丹。
Hungarian king Sigismund died in 1437, and the next year Murad invaded Transylvania, capturing Semendria and driving out its despot George Brankovich.匈牙利国王西吉斯蒙德死于1437年，并在明年穆拉德入侵特兰西瓦尼亚，捕捉Semendria和驾驶其暴君乔治Brankovich 。 Serbia was annexed to the Ottoman empire in 1439, but Murad's siege of Belgrade failed.塞尔维亚被并入奥斯曼帝国在1439年，但穆拉德围困贝尔格莱德失败。 Further Turkish raids into Transylvania were defeated by John Hunyadi, who captured Nish and Sofia.进一步土耳其袭击特兰西瓦尼亚被打败了约翰匈雅提，谁抓获尼什和索菲亚。 After stopping this army, Murad agreed on a treaty with Hungary's Vladislav and Serbia's George Brankovich in June 1444; but Hunyadi refused to sign.停车后这支军队，穆拉德商定了一项条约，匈牙利的弗拉迪斯拉夫和塞尔维亚的乔治Brankovich在1444年6月，但匈雅提拒绝签署。 Murad gained a fatwa from an Egyptian 'ulama in order to subdue Karaman for having collaborated with Christians.穆拉德获得了判决从埃及'乌里玛为了制服卡拉曼了与基督徒。 After accomplishing that, he retired and let young Mehmed II rule.完成后，他退休，让年轻人穆罕默德二世统治。
Cardinal legate Julian Cesarini declared that an oath made to an infidel was not binding, and a crusade was organized against the advice of Hunyadi.红衣主教特使朱利安西泽利尼宣布宣誓作出一个异教徒没有约束力，并举办了对十字军东征的意见匈雅提。 The Janissaries at Edirne revolted and gained a raise in pay.在埃迪尔内的Janissaries赢得了反抗和提高工资。 Murad's son Mehmed II was only twelve years old and ordered his father to lead the army.穆拉德的儿子穆罕默德二是只有12岁，并下令他的父亲领导的军队。 About 20,000 Christians met some 60,000 Turks at Varna in November 1444 and were defeated. Vladislav was killed, but Hunyadi escaped.关于20000基督徒遇到一些60000土耳其人在瓦尔纳，并在1444年11月被打败。弗拉迪斯拉夫被打死，但匈雅提逃脱。 Albanians led by Alexander Bey (Scanderbeg) fought the Turks, and Pope Nicholas V urged the Hungarians and Poles to battle the Muslims also.阿尔巴尼亚由亚历山大贝（斯坎德培）战斗特克斯和教皇尼古拉V敦促匈牙利和波兰的战斗穆斯林也。 Hunyadi was appointed to lead an army of 24,000 but did not wait for Scanderbeg and was defeated at Kosovo in 1448 by a large army as 40,000 Turks were killed.匈雅提被任命为领导军队的24000 ，但没有等待被击败斯坎德培和在1448年在科索沃的军队作为一个大40000土耳其人被杀害。 Scanderbeg managed to defeat the Turkish army several times, defended Kroja, and fought on for two decades.斯坎德培设法打败土耳其军队多次，辩护Kroja ，并打了20年。
Ottoman Empire 1451-1520 1451年至1520年奥斯曼帝国
After Murad II died, Mehmed II (r. 1451-81) had to choose between the advice of vizier Chandarli Kahlil Pasha, who warned him not to provoke the western Christians, and Zaganuz Pasha, who urged him to conquer Constantinople.穆拉德二世去世后，穆罕默德二世（河1451年至1481年）之间进行选择了意见总督Chandarli Kahlil帕夏，谁警告他不要挑起西部基督徒，和Zaganuz帕夏，谁劝他征服君士坦丁堡。 Mehmed, who became known as the Conqueror, began his reign by having his infant brother Ahmad murdered, arguing that this was necessary for the peace and order of the world.穆罕默德，谁被称为征服者，他的统治开始了他的哥哥艾哈迈德杀害婴儿，认为这是必要的秩序和安宁的世界。 After making a treaty with the Byzantine emperor, Mehmed went to quell a rebellion by the Karamanids.后一项条约的拜占庭皇帝，穆罕默德前往平息叛乱的Karamanids 。 While preparing to besiege Constantinople, he made peace with Venice and Hunyadi. A fortress was built in 1452; a Turkish navy of 125 ships was built, and two large Venetian galleys were captured.虽然准备围攻君士坦丁堡，他作出了和平与威尼斯和匈雅提。要塞建于1452年;土耳其海军的125艘建造和两个大型威尼斯厨房被抓获。 The next spring a huge cannon manufactured at Edirne hurled projectiles weighing over a thousand pounds to blast the walls of the Byzantine capital.明年春季生产的一个巨大的大炮炮弹在埃迪尔内投掷重量超过一千磅的墙壁爆炸拜占庭资本。 After six weeks the stockade was damaged enough for the Turks to invade the city and kill the last Byzantine emperor. Three days of pillaging ensued, but Mehmed ordered St. Sophia to be converted into a mosque. 6周后寨子被损坏足够的土耳其人入侵城市和杀死最后拜占庭皇帝。三天的掠夺接踵而至，但穆罕默德命令圣索菲亚将改为清真寺。 The last patriarch had fled to Italy in 1451, and Mehmed appointed the monk Gennadius, also known as the scholar George Scholarius, allowing the Christians to use the Church of the Holy Apostles.最后牧逃到意大利在1451年，并任命穆罕默德和尚粉虱，也称为学者乔治Scholarius ，使基督徒使用教堂的圣使徒。 Orthodox Christians were encouraged to return to the city, now called Istanbul; within a generation the Jews also had their own millet (nation) in the Ottoman capital.东正教基督徒被鼓励返回到城市，现在称为伊斯坦布尔;我们这一代犹太人也有自己的小米 （国家）在奥托曼资本。
Mehmed II promulgated state laws that were enforced along with the Shari'a (Islamic law) by the local qadis (judges). He ordered a large market built in Istanbul and repaired roads, bridges, and aqueducts.穆罕默德二世颁布国家法律，被强迫与教法 （伊斯兰法）由当地qadis （法官） 。他命令一个大市场，建于伊斯坦布尔和修复公路，桥梁和渡槽。 Pious foundations (waqfs) were funded to provide social services in public buildings, mosques, trading facilities, lodgings for travelers, baths, schools, and hospitals.虔诚基金会（教产）的经费，提供社会服务的公共建筑，清真寺，交易设施，住宿的游客，浴室，学校和医院。 The Sultan collected large revenues by allowing private individuals to have provincial monopolies on such items as salt, soap, and candle-wax.苏丹收集大量收入，允许个人拥有省级垄断等项目的盐，肥皂，蜡烛，蜡。 In 1454 Mehmed granted Venice freedom of trade, and their customs duty was fixed at two percent; this was raised to four percent in 1460.穆罕默德在1454年授予威尼斯自由贸易，他们的关税定为百分之二，这是提高到百分之四于1460年。 Genoese colonies on the Black Sea were forced to pay tribute as the Turks occupied them; the tribal leaders cooperated, because the Turks protected them from the Genoese and the Golden Horde of Mongols in the north.热那亚殖民地黑海被迫致敬因为土耳其人占领他们的部落首领的合作，因为特克斯保护他们从热那亚和金帐汗国的蒙古人在北方。
Mehmed the Conqueror was intent on eliminating any threatening king and began by subduing Serbia; but in 1456 his army of 100,000 was not able to conquer the Hungarians aided by Hunyadi and the crusading monk Capistrano at Belgrade.穆罕默德征服者打算消除任何威胁国王，并开始了征服塞尔维亚，但他的军队在1456年的100000未能征服匈牙利得益于匈雅提和十字和尚比斯乔在贝尔格莱德。 Serbian despot George Brankovich died in 1458, and the next year Serbia was annexed by the Ottoman empire.塞尔维亚暴君Brankovich乔治死于1458年，并在明年塞尔维亚附有由奥斯曼帝国。 Moldavia also paid tribute.摩尔达维亚还赞扬。 Mehmed tried to subjugate Morea in 1458 and returned two years later.穆罕默德试图征服Morea在1458年和两年后返回。 During his second campaign the Paleologus prince Demetrius fled and then surrendered the city of Mistra.在第二次战役的Paleologus王子德梅逃离，然后上缴市Mistra 。 The other prince Thomas tried to resist by appealing to Venice but then also fled.其他王子托马斯试图抵制呼吁威尼斯但随后也逃离。 Venice held onto some cities, but the Turks took over Athens.威尼斯举行到一些城市，但土耳其人了雅典。 Trebizond on the Black Sea was conquered by 1461, and many captives were sold into slavery or raised as Janissaries.特拉比松在黑海征服1461年，许多人质被卖入奴役或提出Janissaries 。 The remaining males of the Comnene family were massacred.其余的男性的Comnene家庭被屠杀。
Hunyadi's son Matthias Corvinus had succeeded Ladislas V as king of Hungary in 1458, and he made an alliance with the cruel Vlad Dracul of Wallachia in 1461.匈雅提的儿子马蒂亚斯科维努斯已成功地拉迪斯拉斯第五匈牙利国王在1458年，他作出了联盟与残忍弗拉德卓古拉的瓦拉齐亚在1461年。 Vlad was called the Impaler for torturing to death 25,000 prisoners in that manner.弗拉德被称为Impaler拷打致死25000名囚犯以这种方式。 His forces won some surprise victories against the Ottomans but were eventually defeated and sold into slavery.他的部队赢得了一些意外战胜了土耳其人，但最终被击败和销售为奴。 Sultan Mehmed II invaded Bosnia in 1463 after King Stjepan Tomashevich was crowned by Pope Pius II and withheld tribute.苏丹穆罕默德二世在1463年入侵后，波斯尼亚国王加冕斯捷潘Tomashevich教皇皮乌斯二世和扣留敬意。 Mehmed saw to it personally that Stjepan was beheaded.穆罕默德亲自看到它的斯捷潘被斩首。 Albania was invaded in 1466.阿尔巴尼亚在1466年入侵。 The Sultan also intervened on the side of Shahsuwar in a conflict with his brother Budak over the throne of Albistan in 1467.苏丹还干预的一方Shahsuwar的冲突中与他的兄弟Budak的宝座Albistan在1467年。 Shahsuwar resisted pressure from Egypt's Mamluk Qait Bay but was captured and executed in 1472. Shahsuwar抵制压力来自埃及的马穆鲁克Qait湾，但被抓获，并在1472年执行。 Budak Beg then ruled Albistan as Qait Bay's vassal until Mehmed managed to establish Budak Beg's younger brother 'Ala ad-Daula in 1480. Budak求然后排除Albistan作为Qait湾的附庸，直到穆罕默德建立Budak管理求的弟弟'阿拉广告Daula在1480年。
When Greeks surrendered the castle at Argos to the Ottomans in 1463, Venice counter-attacked, launching a war with the Ottoman empire that would last until 1479.当希腊人交出城堡阿哥斯的土耳其人在1463年，威尼斯反击，发动战争的奥斯曼帝国，将持续到1479年。 Venetians tried to assassinate Mehmed II fourteen times.威尼斯人试图暗杀穆罕默德二世14倍。 By 1468 Mehmed had annexed the Anatolian territory of Karaman, but in 1471 Persian ruler Uzun Hasan invaded Anatolia and the next year joined the alliance with Venice, Cyprus, and the Knights of Rhodes, pillaging the city of Tokat.穆罕默德已经由1468年吞并了安纳托利亚领土卡拉曼，但在1471年波斯统治者乌尊哈桑入侵安纳托利亚和明年加入该联盟与威尼斯，塞浦路斯，和骑士罗德，掠夺城的托卡特。 Mehmed gathered his Turkish army of perhaps a hundred thousand and defeated the Persian forces at Bashkent, causing Uzun Hasan to make peace. After having faced the Persian threat, the Crimea became a vassal state of the Ottomans in 1475.穆罕默德聚集了土耳其军队的也许十点零万打败波斯军队在Bashkent ，造成乌尊哈桑媾和。后面临波斯的威胁，克里米亚成为一个附庸国的土耳其人在1475年。 Mehmed turned west and approached Venice, besieging the castle at Scutari in 1474 and 1478.穆罕默德转向西部，接近威尼斯，包围城堡斯居达利在1474年和1478年。 Venice finally surrendered Scutari, Croia, and the islands of Lemnos and Negroponte (Euboea) to the Ottomans for trading rights.威尼斯最后投降斯居达利， Croia ，和离岛的利姆诺斯岛和内格罗蓬特（埃维亚）的土耳其人的交易权。 Venice also agreed to pay 100,000 gold ducats and 10,000 a year, but the latter was canceled in 1482 by Bayezid II.威尼斯还同意支付100000黄金ducats和10000一年，但后者在1482年被取消的Bayezid二。 In 1480 the Turks even crossed over to the heel of Italy as they attacked Otranto. They ruined the city of Rhodes but were unable to take it from its valiant knights.在1480年土耳其人甚至越过致命弱点，因为它们攻击意大利奥特朗托。他们破坏了城市的罗德，但无法把它从英勇的骑士。 Bellini painted a portrait of Mehmed while he was ill before the sultan died in 1481.贝里尼画的肖像穆罕默德在他生病之前，苏丹死于1481年。
Near the end of his reign Mehmed II relied on his vizier Karamani Mehmed Pasha, who was disliked for allowing the cavalry officers (sipahi) to use land transfers to gather taxes.接近尾声时他统治穆罕默德二世依靠他的总督Karamani穆罕默德帕夏，谁是不喜欢让骑兵军官（ sipahi ）使用土地转让收集税。 When the Conqueror died, the Janissaries, allied with Ishak Pasha and Gedik Ahmed Pasha in their support of prince Bayezid, managed to keep Mehmed Pasha's envoys from reaching crown prince Jem so that Bayezid could arrive at Istanbul first to become sultan.当征服者死亡， Janissaries ，联合伊萨哈帕夏和Gedik艾哈迈德帕夏在他们的支持王子Bayezid ，设法使穆罕默德帕夏的特使到达王储建，这样可以到达Bayezid在伊斯坦布尔举行的第一次，成为苏丹。 Jem gathered Turkmen tribes in Karaman and proclaimed himself sultan at Bursa. After his forces were defeated by the Janissaries led by Gedik Ahmed Pasha at Yenishehir, he fled to Mamluk sultan Qait Bay in Egypt.日本实验舱收集土库曼部落卡拉曼和自封苏尔坦在布尔萨。之后，他的部队被打败的Janissaries艾哈迈德为首的Gedik帕夏在Yenishehir ，他逃到苏丹Qait湾马穆鲁克在埃及。 Then Jem joined Karaman exile Kasim Beg, who had been at the court of Uzun Hasan's son Yaqub Beg (r. 1478-90) at Tabriz, for an attack on Konya; this time Jem fled to the Knights at Rhodes. The knights sent Jem to France, where his annual pension of 45,000 ducats was paid by Bayezid II to keep him there.然后建加入卡拉曼流亡卡西姆求，谁已经在法院的乌尊哈桑的儿子雅各布鲁伯（河1478至90年）在大不里士，为攻击科尼亚;这个时候建逃到骑士在罗德。骑士发出建到法国，在那里他每年的退休金为45000 ducats支付Bayezid二留住他的。 In 1486 Jem was transferred to Pope Innocent VIII.建于1486年被移交给教皇英诺森八。 Borgia Pope Alexander VI in 1495 sent Jem to crusading Charles VIII of France; this concerned Bayezid; but Jem died, perhaps of poison, before he arrived there.琪亚教皇亚历山大六世在1495年发出正义与平等运动十字查尔斯第八法国;本有关Bayezid ;但建死亡，也许毒药，在他到达那里。
