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道富银行为中国国有股减持开出药方

级别: 管理员
ETF May Give Beijing a Way To Sell Stocks

The birth of stock markets in China nearly 15 years ago was supposed to mark a symbolic death of communism. But the Shanghai and Shenzhen markets never operated quite like their counterparts in the West. Instead of letting go of companies, the central government in Beijing and local governments still own an average of 60% in every listed company.

Once that control looked politically astute. Now it appears to be slowing economic restructuring and may be one reason key stock-market indexes have fallen steadily for three years despite a booming economy. Some say Beijing needs an exit strategy. One way out may be through an investment fund backed by Boston-based State Street Corp. It intends to launch an exchange-traded fund based on an index of Shanghai's 50 largest stocks -- which includes companies like Baoshan Iron & Steel Co., China United Telecommunications Corp. and Huaneng Power International Inc. -- before the end of the year.

ETFs are baskets of securities that track the movement of a particular index, but unlike traditional mutual funds, trade on an exchange like stocks. Fund managers who trade on China's stock markets as so-called qualified foreign institutional investors, or QFII, would be permitted to buy ETF shares, but the main pitch is to domestic institutions and individuals.

State Street's ETF differs from one announced last month by rival Barclays Global Investors, a unit of Barclays PLC, which tracks the FTSE/Xinhua Index of 25 mainland Chinese companies with shares that trade on the Hong Kong or Shanghai exchanges and is sold to investors in the U.S. and Europe. State Street's ETF can also build its asset base by purchasing stocks from any big holder -- including the government.

"It's a great vehicle for assisting with disposal of state assets," says Peter Alexander , principal of Z-Ben Advisors. The Shanghai consultancy has no links with State Street.

But it is unclear whether the Chinese government is interested. The authorities say they have no immediate intention of selling to State Street.

"The joint working team set up by the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission and the Ministry of Finance is working actively on solving the coexistence of tradeable shares and nontradeable shares in the stock market," a spokesman for China's State Council said. "But the progress of this work is unrelated to the launch of an exchange-traded fund."

Like governments elsewhere, those in China have used stock markets to raise money and initiate privatizations of state companies. But the vast majority of the 1,300 companies that have gone public in China nonetheless remain predominantly state-owned.

In Europe, governments, too, have sold off large companies via the stock market. Unlike in China, they have continued to sell slices of those companies in the years after the initial sale. On Saturday, the Italian government said it sold �7.6 billion ($9.59 billion) of shares in Enel SpA, equal to about 19% of the power company. It was the second time since the 1999 initial public offering that the government has sold off part of Enel. Rome still owns 40% through direct and indirect holdings.

But in China, governments still own $300 billion (�237.15 billion) in shares in an overall stock market that is valued at $500 billion. The fear is that by selling its shares, the government will cause prices to crash. In 2001, when the idea was vaguely hinted at, the stock market fell 10% -- the maximum allowed per day -- for several days and has yet to fully make up those losses.

State Street executives say their ETF would let Chinese governments swap their holdings in individual companies for a stake in the more diversified ETF. It also would give them a way to eventually sell out that State Street officials maintain would be less threatening to stock markets. 道富银行为中国国有股减持开出药方

大约 15 年前中国股市刚刚诞生的时候,曾有人预言它将标志著共产主义的消亡。但事实上这么多年来,上海和深圳的股票交易所在经营上与西方国家的股票交易所很不一样。中国政府自己仍把持著企业的大部分股权,并没有让企业所有的股权流向市场。这一点当初看来在政治上是一种明智的做法,但现在,它似乎产生了拖累中国经济改革的后果。政府的确需要设计出一种退出战略。

目前,中国政府仍控制著上市公司,这让中国股市的发展前景始终笼罩著一层阴影。本来人们认为,在支持企业走向市场的同时保持政府对改革进程的调控,政府持股的做法非常重要。然而今天,政府伸向市场的手已被视为一种危险因素,这一点或许可以解释为什么自 2001 年以来,虽然中国经济和企业盈利实现了强劲增长,但中国的股市却在一步步恶化。

或许,政府很快就会抽身而退,不再扮演全国最大的持股者这个角色了。美国波士顿道富银行 (State Street Corp.) 提议推出一种上市交易基金 (ETF) ,这种基金可使股权持有人在将对市场的干扰降到最低限度的情况下平稳退出股市。道富银行打算在今年年底前推出这种基金。

看好道富 ETF 的人士说,这种基金的好处在于,与其他投资基金在公开市场购买股票不同的是,它可以从任何一家大型股票持有人那里收购股票,甚至从政府那里。

Z-Ben Advisors 负责人彼得?亚历山大 (Peter Alexander) 说,对于监管机构来说,这是一个绝妙的方法。更重要的是,它是有效帮助政府处置国有资产的一种极佳的工具。 Z-Ben Advisors 是一家设在上海的咨询公司,与道富银行没有关联。

政府一直在利用股市筹措资金、推动国有企业的股份制改革。但股票发行涉及的各级政府和部门实际上从来没有放松对企业的控制。在这种情况下,中国已经上市的 1,300 家企业中绝大部分仍然还都是国有控股企业。

由于上市公司普遍有 60% 左右的股权仍掌握在政府手里(即所谓国有股),在中国股市价值 5,000 亿美元的总市值中,非国有股只占少数。人们担心,一旦政府出售国有股,股市将发生崩盘。股市过去对国有股减持这把“达摩克利斯之剑”的反应极度敏感而激烈,这让政府部门一直战战兢兢,甚至不愿对可能会如何处置国有股透露任何口风。

政府部门也表示,他们知道,为提高股市效率,政府应尽可能少参与。但是眼下,他们还不打算接受道富银行提出的模式。中国国务院一位发言人在给本刊的一份声明中说,目前,由中国证监会 (CSRC) 、国资委 (SASAC) 和财政部 (MOF) 组成的联合工作组正在积极工作,构思流通股和非流通股并存问题的解决办法。但他们的工作进展与 ETF 的推出没有联系。

而 ETF 在香港市场的表现就是一个现成的例证,表明这种特殊形式的基金可以为启动股市退出机制提供一个平稳的途径。而且,道富银行还说,它在向中国监管机构推荐这种方式时,还具体谈到了他们在香港解决类似问题时所取得的成功。

道富亚洲区首席执行长文森特?杜哈梅尔 (Vincent Duhamel) 说,这种方式不会引起剧烈的动荡,它是一种完美的退出方式,因为它不会干扰市场。道富说,它在 1999 年 11 月在香港推出盈富基金 (Tracker Fund) 后不久,就向中国政府提出了这种想法。该基金帮助香港政府出售了价值 150 亿美元的持股,并获得了 60 亿美元净盈利。

当时,香港面临著与大陆目前很相似的局面,虽然导致那种局面的原因更曲折些。在亚洲金融危机期间,为对付金融市场的投机活动,港府积聚了大量股票。 1998 年 8 月,港府在与对冲基金的较量中胜出,但香港实行的自由主义政策的威望却遭受重创。港府采取的干预操作使其手中留下大量股票,这些股票的市值占恒生指数总市值的 7% ,而恒生指数市值又占香港股市总市值的 77% 。

香港政府一方面急于摆脱这些持股,但又担心这些股票如果一下子流进股市会严重拖累大盘,并有可能流入投机机构手中。最后,港府决定冒险采用道富银行的方案。在不到 4 年之后,香港金管局总裁任志刚 (Joseph Yam) 欣慰地说,盈富基金让他得以“长长地纾了一口气”。

就某些方面而言,中国政府并没有完全让出手中所持股票的意思,不论是在大陆上市的股票,还是在海外市场上市的股票。官方实体在近期在大陆或国际市场发行的新股中仍持有相当比例的股份。

国务院给本刊的声明中指出,香港股市从一开始就是全流通的,因此,盈富基金并不能简单地照搬到大陆国有股减持的问题上。

道富银行针对中国股市准备推出的 ETF 将跟踪上证 50 指数,它涵盖的是中国最大的交易所上海证交所的 50 只最大的股票,它们的交易通常占到上交所总成交量的 30% 。由于 ETF 本身也在交易所上市,上证 50 指数 50 只成份股的价格波动就会反映在 ETF 的价格上。

借助电脑程序,机构投资者将可以利用公开市场上的股价与他们在基金中的价值的差来套利。个股的变动可能很快会反应到基金的价值上,其间的价差就形成了交易空间。

道富在美国证交所上市的 ETF 基金 Spider 就是采用相同原理,它跟踪的是标准普尔 500 指数。

道富在中国的合资伙伴是华夏资产管理公司 (China Asset Management Co.) ,根据规定,华夏持有合资企业三分之二的股份。双方合作设立的华夏基金 - 美国道富上证 50 ETF 计划买进上证 50 指数所有成份股的股票,其中包括宝钢集团 (Baoshan Iron & Steel Co.) 、中国联通 (China United Telecommunications Corp.) 和华能国际 (uaneng Power International Inc.) 等。

道富银行的杜哈梅尔说,初始阶段,上证 50 ETF 将在公开市场上买进股票。他说,基金经理人开始阶段不会尝试向政府持股方买进股票,因为他们希望这只 ETF 能维持较低的收费模式。道富不愿直接接触国有持股人的决定也反映出,要解决涉及中国各级政府和部门持股人的问题一向非常复杂。

不过尽管如此,道富已向国有持股人发出了收购邀请。杜哈梅尔说,如果事情如期顺利进行,更了解中国持股人的国内投资银行人士可以从中国持股人那里买进股票,然后再卖给道富。该基金承诺将收购中国投行卖给他们的股票,只要这些股票的组成和上证 50 指数相同即可。

收购股票时,上证 50 ETF 将以能反映其资产增长情况的新基金单位作为回报,而不是直接支付现金。杜哈梅尔说,随著上证 50 ETF 这块蛋糕越作越大,基金也将发行新的单位,这将使原来的股票持有者得以实现投资多元化,或者将基金单位拿到市场上卖掉。这为政府打包减持国有股提供了一个非常便捷的方式。
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