• 1147阅读
  • 0回复

中国新移民欧洲寻梦

级别: 管理员
Chinese Migrants Journey To New Lands (Like Europe)

Amid green fields in a suburb of Budapest sits a massive monument to China's expanding business ambitions. The new multistory, glass-and-steel Asia Centre contains 850 shop units intended to showcase Asian -- mainly Chinese -- goods in the European Union.

It was built by Austrian construction giant Strabag in a �200 million joint investment with two mainland Chinese investors. The first phase, about 125,000 square meters, opened last year; half the units are already occupied. With the final phase -- an additional 80,000 square meters of shops, offices, conference halls and exhibition space -- to be completed in 2006, the center aims to consolidate the thousands of Chinese traders in Budapest under one roof. "We are trying to present a common platform in the EU for Chinese goods," says Szabolcs Kapas, its trade-marketing manager.

But the Asia Centre is more than a Chinese megamall. It lends a permanence to the tens of thousands of Chinese migrants who have turned up in Hungary and other parts of Europe as the Chinese diaspora spreads beyond the familiar Chinatowns of Southeast Asia and North America. Their arrival in rapidly increasing numbers since the early 1990s is the human manifestation of China's rising diplomatic and economic clout and its growing engagement with the world, as well as its loosening of travel restrictions for its own people.

While stories about businesses flocking to China are well-known, there is also a mirror image: In a great going-out, mainland Chinese are working, traveling and studying in an unprecedented number of countries. This has brought Chinese youngsters to wait on tables in Dublin pubs, Chinese tourists to Cairo en route to see the pyramids and Chinese prostitutes to Tokyo's Kabukicho red-light district.

In the early 1980s, as China began its great leap outward after 30 years of communist isolation, Chinese started again to head to long-established emigrant destinations such as North America. Between 1990 and 2000, the China-born population in the U.S. doubled, as 460,000 mainlanders settled in the country, according to the Washington-based Migration Policy Institute, citing U.S. Census figures. China has become the source of the largest number of immigrants to Canada, with 30,000-40,000 mainlanders moving there annually between 2000 and 2002, according to Canadian immigration authorities.

But Chinese nationals are also heading for nontraditional destinations -- from Siberia to South America and points in between. In the past decade, Europe has seen a dramatic increase in Chinese migration. In a report last year, the Geneva-based International Organization for Migration said Chinese migrants to Spain multiplied sixfold, to 36,000, in the decade ended in 2001. In the same period, Chinese migrants to Italy more than tripled to 50,000. Ireland went from almost zero to more than 40,000 Chinese -- more than 1% of its population -- in less than a decade. Hungary now has an estimated 30,000 Chinese. Last year, there were 75,000 Chinese living in Germany and 42,000 in France, including those on student visas, according to the embassies in Beijing.

For China, with its population of 1.3 billion, these numbers are a drop in the ocean, but they are having a visible impact on the receiving countries. In Ireland, for example, most Chinese are on work and study visas, but they seem mainly to work. In bars, shops and filling stations, they have replaced the locals, who have taken better-paying jobs amid Ireland's economic boom. In a small country where perceptions of immigrants are still being molded, "the Chinese are judged to be people who come and work hard," says Mary Harney, deputy prime minister of Ireland. Dublin held its first official Chinese New Year festival this year with lion dances and Chinese food stalls.

Historically, migrants have boosted economic links between their home and host countries, and the latest Chinese influx is contributing to Sino-European trade ties. Trade between Ireland and China has more than doubled since 2000, to �2.8 billion last year, says Alan Hobbs, Beijing-based China representative of Enterprise Ireland. In 2000, China ranked 14th on a list of Hungary's trading partners; by last year, it had moved up to No. 6, says Endre Kismartoni, director of ITD, the Hungarian investment- and trade-development agency in Budapest.

Today's Chinese migrants are consummate globalizers who have broken radically with a tradition in which the government, the work unit and the family organized their lives. They are independent, tech-savvy and highly mobile. Indeed, some seem to be quicker than many Europeans to recognize Europe as a seamless single entity.

Take Huang Kai, a 27-year-old from Fujian province. His first stop in Europe was Cyprus, where he studied English. He then went to Budapest, where he sells Chinese-brand footwear in a stall in the rundown Four Tiger market. If sales slide, perhaps because of competition from the Asia Centre, he says he may go to Spain or Italy.

Combine that agility with the Internet, mobile phones and cheap airfares, and this generation of Chinese migrants are as sophisticated as any of their peers. "This is globalization, this is the world today. You fit in or it will throw you out," says 35-year-old auditor Pang Lixin, over a pint of Guinness in the Bleeding Horse pub on Dublin's Camden Street. Pang arrived from Beijing as a student in 1998 and stayed on to work.

The number of mainland students going abroad is also on the rise, climbing 49% in 2002 to 125,000, according to China's Ministry of Education. Last year, however, numbers fell 6% because of the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome and a government tightening on fly-by-night agencies that arrange schooling overseas.

Chinese students in Britain number 74,000, according to China's Foreign Ministry, making them the largest group of foreign students in the country. Similarly in the U.S., where they numbered 181,000 last year, according to Chinese data.

The impact of China's new diaspora will be felt not only in their adopted countries but also in their homeland. Many of the most influential figures in China's high-tech, property and publishing industries today studied and worked overseas during the 1990s. "This is part of China's social transformation," says Huang Ping, director-general of the Bureau for International Exchange at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. "These changes will be at least as important as those changes, say, in the banking and tax system" to which so much attention is paid today, he says. "In the future, there will be no need for an opening-up policy; [China] will already be open."
中国新移民欧洲寻梦

在布达佩斯东郊的一片绿色田野中,坐落著一座崭新的、象征中国商业扩张野心的巨大标志性建筑─亚洲中心(Asia Centre)。这座拥有850个商铺、玻璃和钢铁结构的多层建筑物将成为向欧盟国家展示亚洲─主要是中国─商品的大橱窗。该中心由奥地利建筑业巨头Strabag和两位中国商人共同投资2亿欧元(合2.4亿美元)兴建。

该中心第一期12.5万平方米的面积已于去年投入使用,其中一半的商铺已经开始营业。该中心希望,在二期工程的面积达8万平方米的商店、办公室、会议室以及展览大厅于2006年完工后,能将在布达佩斯的数千中国商人都召至其麾下。亚洲中心贸易市场部经理卡帕斯(Szabolcs Kapas)表示,他们希望该中心能成为在欧盟展示中国商品的公共平台。

但亚洲中心绝不仅仅是一个出售中国商品的超级大卖场。在中国移民大军涌向人们已熟知的东南亚和北美各地的唐人街的同时,已有数以千计的中国人开始到匈牙利及其他“新移民目的地”寻求发展,而亚洲中心则为他们提供了一个永久性的立足点。这股发端于上世纪90年代的不断壮大的移民潮是中国不断扩大的外交及经济影响力的具体体现,同时也显示了中国与世界日益紧密的关系及中国对其公民出国限制的逐步放开。

现在人们已经习惯于看到数以亿计的巨额外资涌入中国、商人争先恐后地欲打入中国市场以及年轻的西方人来到北京或上海居住以寻求发展机会的现象。而人们没太注意到的则是另一股相反的暗流:大陆的中国人正随著一股出国潮,涌向越来越多的国家去工作、旅行和学习。这股出国大潮将形形色色的中国人送到了世界的各个角落:人们可以看到,一些商人到了布达佩斯的亚洲中心,一些年轻人在都柏林街头的酒吧里流连,还有一些中国旅游者取道开罗去看金字塔,更有一些中国妓女委身于东京新宿的红灯区。

上世纪80年代初,随著中国开始摆脱长达30多年的封闭状态,中国人开始涌向一些传统的移民地,如北美。位于华盛顿的移民政策研究所(Migration Policy Institute)援引的美国人口普查统计数据显示,在20世纪的最后10年,共有46万来自大陆的中国人在美国定居,使得美国的中国大陆移民数量增长了一倍。另据加拿大移民部门的数据,目前中国已经成为加拿大最大的移民来源国。在2000-2002年间,每年约有3万至4万大陆中国人移民加拿大。

与此同时,中国移民也开始涌向一些非传统移民目的地的国家和地区,从西伯利亚到南美洲以及这之间的其他许多地方,到处都有中国人落脚。近10年来,涌入欧洲的中国移民数量大幅增长。位于日内瓦的国际移民组织(International Organization for Migration)去年发表的一份报告中称,在2001年前的10年间,进入西班牙的中国移民增加了6倍,达3.6万人。同期移民意大利的中国人则增长了260%,达到了将近5万人。

另外,在不到10年的时间里,进入爱尔兰的中国移民几乎从零增加到了4万人,占到该国人口总数的1%。另外,匈牙利目前约有3万中国人。根据德国和法国驻华使馆提供的数据,包括留学生在内,去年居住在德国的中国人达到了7.5万人,居住在法国的中国人则有4.2万人。

对于拥有13亿人口的中国而言,这些移民无疑只是沧海一粟。但他们给接收国却带去了不可忽视的影响。例如在爱尔兰,大部分中国人持的都是学习签证,但大部分人似乎都在打工。随著爱尔兰经济的发展,在酒吧、商店和加油站工作的当地人找到了更好的工作,于是中国人就顶替了他们留下的空缺。

爱尔兰副总理玛丽?哈特(Mary Harney)在接受本刊采访时表示,在这个移民观念尚未成形的国家,中国人被看作是来努力工作的人,他们做事非常认真。今年春节,都柏林第一次由官方组织了舞狮表演及中国风味食品展卖等庆祝活动。

从历史上看,移民加强了其所在国与接收国之间的经济联系;而最近形成的中国移民潮也对中欧贸易关系的加强作出了贡献。据爱尔兰企业署(Enterprise Ireland)驻中国代表艾伦?赫布斯(Alan Hobbs)说,自2000年来,爱尔兰与中国的贸易额增长了一倍多,去年达到了33亿美元。位于布达佩斯的匈牙利投资与贸易发展机构ITD的主任Endre Kismartoni透露,2000年,中国还是匈牙利的第14大贸易伙伴国,而到去年中国已经跃居到第6。

如今的中国移民是十足的全球主义者,他们已与由政府、工作单位和家庭来安排自己生活的传统观念彻底决裂。他们独立、精于技术,很喜欢流动。事实上,他们中的一些人似乎比许多欧洲人还要快地接受了将欧洲视为无边界统一体的观念。

拿黄凯(音译)来说,这名27岁、来自福建的快乐的年轻人到达欧洲的第一站是塞浦路斯,他在那里学习英语。随后他去了布达佩斯,在破败不堪的Four Tiger市场的一个摊位上出售中国产的鞋。他表示,如果因为来自亚洲中心竞争的影响或其他原因而生意清淡,他会前往西班牙或意大利寻找机会。如果还是行不通,他会去爱尔兰投奔在那里开餐馆的一位福建老乡。

这一代中国移民会熟练地利用互联网、手机和廉价机票所带来的便利,他们处事的老练程度不亚于世界其他任何地方的同龄人。35岁的审计师庞立新(音译)在位于都柏林Camden街的Bleeding Horse酒吧内端著一杯Guinness啤酒说,“这就是所谓的全球化,这就是当今世界的现实,要么你适应,要么就被淘汰。”庞立新1998年以学生的身份从北京来到爱尔兰,后来留了下来打工至今。

但新一代移民不仅没有被淘汰,反而有可能留下永久的历史烙印。在布达佩斯,一座由匈牙利和中国政府共同投资兴建的中国学校将于9月份落成并投入使用。中国银行(Bank of China)去年在匈牙利开办了一家分支机构,成为中国第一家在匈牙利开办分行的银行。

今年8月份,中国的海南航空公司(Hainan Airlines Co. Ltd., 600221.SH)将与匈牙利Malev航空公司合作,开辟连接中国与布达佩斯的定期航班。6月10-12日到访布达佩斯的中国国家主席胡锦涛及匈牙利总统马德尔?费伦茨(Ferenc Madl)出席了该校及通航项目的签字仪式。

根据中国教育部提供的数据,去国外求学的中国学生的数量近年来也呈上升趋势,并于2002年达到了12.5万人,涨幅达49%。但是去年受非典型肺炎(SARS)及政府清理整顿非法留学中介机构的影响,这一数字下降了6%。

中国外交部提供的数据显示,目前在英国学习的中国留学生人数达到7.4万人左右,成为在英国的外国留学生中最大的一个群体。与此相似,根据中国有关方面的统计,截至去年年底,赴美的中国留学生达到了18.1万人。但是在2001年911恐怖袭击事件后,由于美国方面对签证采取的控制政策,赴美的中国留学生数量大幅下降。但是随著非典型肺炎得到控制以及要求美国改变签证政策的呼声日益高涨,这一数量上的下降很可能只是暂时的。

造成大量中国学生涌向国外的部分原因在于中国教育系统的市场化改革,如在上世纪90年代开始推行的大学收费制度。中国社会科学院国际合作局局长黄平说,中国的家长会想,既然上学都要花钱,为什么不把孩子送到一个更富裕的国家去呢?而英语国家又是这些富裕国家的首选。根据中国教育部的统计,自1978年来,共有70万名中国学生负笈海外,其中约四分之三的人选择了留下来。但最近已经有越来越多的人开始回国。去年,回国的留学生达2万人,较2002年增长12%。

这些中国新移民所造成的影响不仅涉及接收国,也正在波及国内。目前中国高科技、房地产以及出版业的许多领军人物在上世纪90年代均有海外留学的经历。黄平认为,这是中国社会转型的一部分。他表示,这些变化的重要性一点也不亚于备受关注的银行和税务系统的改革。将来中国将不再需要对外开放政策,因为中国已经向国外敞开了大门。

中国人并不是只限于前往那些遥远的发达国家,他们也开始到临近的欠发达国家定居,甚至在有些情况下引致一些人口稀少国家对外来人口超过本国人口的担心。仅有270万人口的蒙古最近颁布了一项法律,规定在国外出生的居民数量不得超过总人口的1%,显然这一举措完全是针对其南边的邻国中国。在俄罗斯的远东地区,随著大量中国商人及农民在边境城市和村庄定居,当地的民粹派政治家对这一中国殖民现象表示出了极大的担心。

与中国西部接壤的哈萨克斯坦针对外国劳工出台了严格的配额限制措施。但是,训练有素且工资低廉的中国劳工对他们仍很有吸引力。新疆霍尔果斯(Korgas)劳动和社会保障局局长李万祥(音译)介绍说,哈萨克斯坦人非常保守;但是另一方面,他们又很有依赖性,他们在农业、建筑和其他领域都需要中国人的帮助。霍尔果斯是中国西部边陲新疆维吾尔自治区中哈边境上最大的一个口岸。

李万祥说,近年来,已有17万中国人取道霍尔果斯进入哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和俄罗斯。未来这一数字还会上升。一家广东的建筑公司最近赢得了一份承建哈萨克斯坦一处总统官邸的工程。而新疆伊犁州政府最近也宣布了在哈萨克斯坦租赁6,250公顷耕地的计划。据当地官员介绍,来自伊犁的3,000名农场工人将于明年春天在这些耕地上种植小麦和大豆。

在便利的国际旅行时代开始几十年之后,大陆中国人迁徙的权利终于姗姗而来,但是他们追赶的步伐很快。随著政府放松对公民护照申请的限制,过去几年掀起了一股出国热。在国内主要城市,申请护照只需提交身份证和旅行计划的证明即可,不再需要工作单位出具证明。根据中国公安部的统计,去年中国公民因私出国达到了1,400万人次。位于马德里的世界旅游组织预计,至2020年,中国赴海外的旅游者每年将达到1亿人次。

随著越来越多的中国人到国外淘金,他们似乎也将一些坏毛病带到了国外。许多在欧洲的中国商人抱怨说,与国内的情况相似,中国商人在国外也是互相杀价,导致价格下跌、利润下降。造成这一现象的部分原因还在于,中国人大多都集中在餐饮和服装等行业。

来自北京的王晓鹰(音译)说,“中国人不团结,我们的国家太大了。”王晓鹰在亚洲中心开设的店铺出售中国产的京百灵(音译)牌衬衫;而她周围的摊位出售的商品有“爱乐”(音译)牌运动鞋、Gentry牌牛仔裤以及其他各种品牌的鞋和服装。

从亚洲中心的一扇窗户看出去,竞争的迹象已经一目了然:距离亚洲中心一箭之遥的地方,拥有160个商铺的中国商业城(China Business City)历历在目。该商业城由中国商人修建,已于去年11月开业。他们最大的竞争对手是自己的同胞。即便远在匈牙利,许多中国人经常挂在嘴上的,仍是一句国内经常听到的抱怨:“中国人实在是太多了。”
描述
快速回复

您目前还是游客,请 登录注册