China Grooms Global Players
SHENZHEN, China -- The new face of China Inc. may not be in China. More and more homegrown companies are going multinational, with telecommunication-equipment vendors among the biggest early successes.
Consider Siberia, where Huawei Technologies Co. has laid more than 1,875 miles of optical-fiber cable for Rostelecom, Russia's leading fixed-line operator. Or visit Algeria, where Africa's largest cellular-phone network sprawls across cities and deserts -- a $87.9 million project being built by Zhongxing Telecom Ltd., a company whose headquarters is a short drive from Huawei's in this city just across the border from Hong Kong.
In just the past three months, Chinese vendors have signed deals in Ethiopia, Libya, Pakistan, India, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Brazil, Russia, Romania, Mali, Afghanistan -- even Iraq, where ZTE was recently awarded a $5 million reconstruction deal. A Huawei-built third-generation cellular-phone network began operation Feb. 15 in the United Arab Emirates.
Huawei is the biggest, but the list of vendors includes others, such as ZTE and UTStarcom Inc. -- which have both grown faster than Huawei in recent years based on lower-cost technologies.
Chinese telecom vendors often undercut their competitors by 20% to 30%. "The Chinese have been filling the vacuum from vendors who are having tough times," says Duncan Clark, managing director of BDA China, a Beijing consulting firm. "They're more aggressive in financing. They're doing well in developing markets and getting some business in developed markets, where the commissions will be higher."
The telecom industry is China's biggest international business success story -- but there are plenty of other companies with ambitions. While few Chinese brand names have yet succeeded outside their home country, consumer-electronics maker TCLCorp. in November took a majority stake in a joint venture with France's Thomson, creating the world's biggest TV maker, with factories in China, Vietnam, Germany, Thailand, Poland and Mexico. Haier Group, a state-owned appliance maker, makes refrigerators in South Carolina. And the biggest overseas investors are resource-based companies, hungry to bring oil and other commodities back to fuel China's economic boom. In 2002, for instance, state-owned China National Overseas Oil Corp. became the largest offshore-oil producer in Indonesia, with a $585 million deal for the Indonesian assets of Spain's Repsol-YPF.
China's telecom vendors are running into some limits to growth, as forays into developed markets test their technological and service capabilities. Last year, Huawei won contracts in France, Spain, Germany and Portugal, and began selling equipment in the U.S. Meanwhile, their cost advantages, though still present, are shrinking as long-beleaguered competitors tighten their belts.
Even so, Chinese vendors' numbers and targets are impressive. ZTE, which saw international sales jump 90% last year to $600 million, targets $1 billion in international sales this year and $2.5 billion by 2006.
Huawei's international sales also grew 90% last year to $1.05 billion, representing 27% of its total sales. Hu Yanping, a senior vice president, expects overseas markets to make up 35% of the company's sales within two years. Huawei is now the world's second-largest supplier, after Alcatel SA of France, of advanced digital-subscriber lines, the primary conduit for the world's broadband connections.
Low costs at home -- where entry-level engineers make 4,000 yuan to 4,500 yuan ($483 to $544) a month -- have helped fuel the companies' growth. So has the Chinese government; in a practice similar to that followed in many countries, Beijing has provided low-interest loans for buyers of the companies' multimillion-dollar systems. Huawei got a foothold in Russia -- now its largest market -- thanks in part to an aggressive push by Beijing, which led the talks on a bid that featured Huawei.
The two companies announced separately last week that Huawei would get as much as $600 million and ZTE would get as much as $500 million in financing from the Export-Import Bank of China to help overseas buyers purchase their equipment. The credits are the equivalent of half of ZTE's international sales target for 2004 and 60% of Huawei's international sales last year.
The Chinese companies also are striking up business and research partnerships with global industry leaders. Huawei has research partnerships with Germany's Siemens AG and Infineon Technologies AG as well as Texas Instruments Inc., Motorola Inc., Microsoft Corp., Intel Corp. and Sun Microsystems Inc., all of the U.S. Last year Huawei opened a joint venture with 3Com Corp. of Marlborough, Mass., that will sell some 3Com products in China and some Huawei products overseas.
Such alliances may force change at a company that traditionally has been difficult to penetrate. Huawei, a private firm started in 1988, until recently had few partnerships. In 2003, Cisco SystemsInc. filed suit against it, charging that Huawei had pirated Cisco software for some of its router products. (Huawei and Cisco settled out of court. Without admitting wrongdoing, Huawei took some of its products off the U.S. market.) Fu Jun, the firm's communications director, says Huawei wants to present itself more openly. Company executives talk about having an international listing eventually.
All of this has put Chinese telecom companies on an aggressive expansion path just as others are cutting back. Cui Yi, ZTE's vice president in charge of international marketing, notes that in the developing world, "Alcatel, Siemens -- they close their offices or cut their employees. So we recruit them."
中国电讯设备供应商驰骋国际市场
中国电讯设备供应商不再是国际市场上的小角色了。要想了解一下这些公司的业务规模,你可得长途跋涉一番才行。
就从西伯利亚开始吧。华为技术(Huawei Technologies)历时三年,在莫斯科与西伯利亚首府诺沃西比尔斯克之间铺设了3,000多公里的光纤电缆,大部分都是俄罗斯领先固定线路运营商Rostelecom的全国性骨干网。而远在半个地球以外,一个耗资9,000万美元,贯通诸多城市并穿越阿尔及利亚沙漠的非洲最大的移动通讯网络是由中兴通讯(Zhongxing Telecom, ZTE)承建的。中兴通讯总部位于深圳,驱车既可到华为总部。
不过,要想全面领略一下中国公司铺设的电信网络的风采,你可得麻利点儿。就在刚刚过去的3个月之内,中国的电讯设备供应商马不停蹄地在埃塞俄比亚、利比亚、巴基斯坦、印度、印度尼西亚、香港、巴西、俄罗斯、罗马尼亚、马里、阿富汗,甚至在伊拉克签署了多项合约。中兴通讯就在今年2月份拿到了价值500万美元的伊拉克战后重建合约。今年2月15日开始运营的全球最新的3G移动通讯网络是在阿拉伯联合酋长国,设备供应商就是华为。
这都是一些很好的例子,证明中国公司有能力参与全球市场的竞争。数年来,中国电讯设备供应商在发展中国家签署了大笔生意,通常价格都比竞争对手低20%-30%。到目前为止,华为是这个领域规模最大,也最知名的企业。但中兴通讯和UT斯达康(UTStarcom)也不容小视,凭借著低成本技术,他们近年来的增长速度都超过了华为。
BDA China董事总经理邓肯?克拉克(Duncan Clark)说,中国企业填补了因其他电讯公司处境艰难而产生的市场空间。华为异军突起,得到了大量合约。他说,中国公司正在大张旗鼓地融资。它们在发展中国家的市场上表现出色,在利润更高的发达国家市场上也取得了一些成绩。BDA China总部位于北京,是一家电讯行业的咨询公司。
但值得注意的是,中国电讯设备供应商们终有一天要冷静地权衡一下局势。一方面,他们正在和世界其他国家的同行们一起等待迷雾消散,早日看清全行业的发展方向;另一方面,他们向发达国家市场发起的进攻必将使其技术水平和服务质量经历严峻的考验。去年,华为在法国、西班牙、德国和葡萄牙分别赢得了设备供应订单,而且与3Com联手按原始设备制造协议挺进美国市场。华为和他的国内同行们在发达国家市场的业务才刚刚起步。
但即使如此,他们的业绩和发展目标仍然给人留下了深刻印象。华为去年在国际市场的销售额激增90%,至10.5亿美元,占销售额总额的27%。华为高级副总裁胡彦平预计,海外市场销售额占公司销售总额的比例两年内会增至35%。中兴通讯也毫不逊色,去年国际市场销售额同样激增90%,至6亿美元。公司预计今年将增至10亿美元,到2006年增至25亿美元。华为是全球第二大高级数字式用户线路(ADSL)的供应商,ADSL是全球宽带联网的基础产品。
与此同时,国际市场上长期受挫的其他竞争对手纷纷削减成本收缩业务,以期扭亏为盈。在这种形势下,中国电讯设备供应商的成本优势虽然仍占上风,但也在迅速削弱。电讯企业纷纷将研发业务转移到中国和印度,即使是由这里的西方公司承担,全行业的成本结构也与两年前大不相同了。某西方电讯企业驻中国的一位高级管理人士称,以前他们总是因为华为的价格更低而大为震惊,现在这种情况越来越少了。这不再是什么新事物,也不那么令人吃惊了,这更像是全行业的发展趋势。外国企业必须做好准备,与中国同行展开竞争。没有别的选择,要么竞争,要么走人。 华为的胡彦平承认他们在成本上的优势越来越小了,但也表示这种优势仍然存在。他说,成本效率并非仅仅来自于研发业务,而是多种因素的综合结果。众所周知,华为和中兴通讯的利润率一度降至很低的水平。BDA今年1月份发布的报告显示,华为利润率收缩近半,从2001年的10.4%锐减至2002年的5.6%;而中兴通讯更低,2003年第三季度的利润率从半年前的4.1%降至2.6%。
在这方面,进军国际市场就显得至关重要。诚然,中国市场是全球最大的发展中市场,但即使如此,华为和中兴通讯还是在海外市场上实现了更高的利润率。华为的一位工程师回忆起公司创始人任正非最近对员工发表的一次讲话。任正非敦促员工前往海外市场任职,称一些地区的预付费移动电话系统的价格是中国的20-60倍。
中兴通讯负责海外市场的副总裁崔逸(音译)说,近年来其他通讯公司纷纷收缩业务规模,中国企业借机拓展海外市场并不难。阿尔卡特(Alcatel)和西门子(Siemens)等纷纷撤销他们在发展中国家的办事处,裁减员工,而中兴通讯正好将他们纳为己用。 但如果说保持利润率是一场每天都在进行的战斗的话,那么更大规模的战役就会爆发在技术领域,从某种意义上说也是公司形象的捍卫。对某些类似的中国公司而言,就在他们迈步走向国际合作并寻求海外上市的时候,他们也许必须改变一下形象。华为是由退役军官任正非1988年创办的一家私营企业,很少与其他公司合作,直到最近才签署了几项合作协议。2003年,思科系统(Cisco Systems)起诉华为,指控华为的部分路由器产品侵犯了思科的软件专利。两家公司后来庭外和解,华为否认有不当行为,但从美国市场撤销了部分产品。
虽然没有大肆宣扬,但过去2年中华为在跨国合作方面取得了突飞猛进的发展。
华为打入发达国家市场的策略之一便是与外国公司建立研究和分销的合作关系。虽然华为具有军方背景,但寻求合作的跨国公司仍然络绎不绝地找上门来。
华为已经与多家跨国企业结成研发方面的合作伙伴,其中不乏西门子、英飞凌(Infineon)、德州仪器(Texas Instruments)、摩托罗拉(Motorola)、微软(Microsoft)、英特尔(Intel)、升阳微电脑(Sun Microsystems)等知名大企业。国际商业机器公司(IBM)为华为设计基础的生产系统。去年,华为还和3Com成立了一家合资企业。这家合资企业负责把3Com的部分产品拿到中国销售,同时把华为的一些产品推向海外市场。这也是目前为止华为打入美国市场的唯一途径。目前,华为已经向美国市场出售了价值约500万美元的路由器。另外,华为还在达拉斯和硅谷(Silicon Valley)建立了研发中心。
华为的新闻发言人付君表示,华为要在海外市场进一步展示自己。华为的管理层正在研究赴海外上市的事宜。付君称,华为赴海外上市的目的不单单是为了寻求自身的发展,公司的长远目标是成为一家全球化知名企业,让投资者对公司有更加深入的了解。他表示,所有有利于塑造品牌的事情和所有能够帮助公司发展成为跨国公司的事情都是华为所愿意做的。但他没有透露华为赴海外上市的时间表。
本土的低成本优势和政府对企业向海外发展给予的大力支持在很大程度上推动了华为和中兴通讯的发展。在深圳,初级工程师的月薪只有人民币4,000-4,500元(合480-540美元)。华为的庞大办公基地非常醒目,若干个研发中心,一套新的灰色行政大楼,以及单身员工每月需付人民币550-1,000元的单身宿舍都聚集在这里。在行政大楼里面,许多员工吃过午饭把床垫拉开就进行了休息;工程师们加班加点已经成了平常事。大多数生产员工属于合同工,这使得公司一直保持很低的劳动力成本,并且,当业务繁忙的时候可以招聘许多新员工,而在订单完成后可以轻易地把他们辞退。 与此同时,华为和中兴通讯还经常获得政府的大力支持。例如,如果客户决定购买华为和中兴通讯价值高达数百万美元的产品,那么中国政府可以为他们提供优惠贷款。全球最贫穷的一些国家及地区在购买外国产品时也会有这种优惠贷款,这也许就是中兴通讯5个最大的海外市场中有3个是在非洲的原因所在。
2月16日,华为和中兴通讯宣布,中国进出口银行(Export-Import Bank of China)分别授予他们6亿美元和5亿美元的出口信贷,以帮助他们拓展海外市场。这笔信贷额度相当于中兴通讯2004年海外销售目标的一半,相当于华为去年海外销售额的60%。
崔逸指出,在竞标发展中国家的项目时,政府公开援助本国企业已是屡见不鲜。例如,中兴通讯获得了中国银行的支持,同样,阿尔卡特的背后也可以看到法国银行的身影。
从华为竞标俄罗斯合同可以看出中国政府对本国企业的鼎力支持。2001年,俄罗斯最大的电信运营商Rostelecom为圣彼得堡到莫斯科、莫斯科到南部地区的两条光纤网络在国际上开始第一阶段的招标。在第一轮投标过程中,日本电气公司(NEC)胜出。但中国政府在第二轮投标中发挥了关键的作用,不但亲自参与了谈判过程,而且还向Rostelecom提供了优惠贷款,使得胜利的天平逐渐向华为倾斜。2001年,当时的中国总理朱