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R7.4

BOOK SEVEN, REVIEW FOUR

N: Review Four.
    For this lesson,
    you'll need a pencil and a piece of paper.   
    First listen to this postcard from Anne Winn,
    Steven's wife.
ANNE：Dear Mary,   
    The last few weeks have been very busy for me.
    I'm pregnant, as you know,
    but the doctor said I'm completely healthy.
    Since Steven got word that he's going to be a father,
    he's been nervous.
    We're looking forward to having you visit us after the baby arrives.   
    Love, Anne
N: Now listen to and repeat these phrases.   
ANNE: Dear Mary,   
    the last few weeks   
    have been very busy for me
    The last few weeks have been very busy for me.   
    I'm pregnant   
    I'm pregnant, as you know
    but the doctor said
    I'm completely healthy   
    I'm pregnant, as you know,
    but the doctor said I'm completely healthy.   
    since Steven got word
    that he's going to be a father
    he's been nervous   
    Since Steven got word that he's going to be a father,
    he's been nervous.   
    we're looking forward
    to having you visit us   
    after the baby arrives   
    We're looking forward to having you visit me after the baby arrives.   
    Love, Anne   
N: Now take your pencil and a piece of paper.
    You're going to hear Anne's postcard again,
    but this time you're going to write it,
    as a dictation.
    There's a pause after each group of words for you to write.
    Ready? Let's begin.
ANNE: Dear Mary,       
    The last few weeks
    have been very busy for me.
    I'm pregnant, as you know,
    but the doctor said
    I'm completely healthy.
    Since Steven got word
    that he's going to be a father,
    he's been nervous.
    We're looking forward to having you visit us
    after the baby arrives.
    Love, Anne       
N: Now use your paper to answer the following five questions.
    Answer in complete sentences.
    OK, let's begin.
    Question One.
    What does Anne say about how the last few weeks have been for her?           
F: She says they've been very busy for her.       
N: Question Two.
    What does Mary already know about Anne?
F: She knows that Anne's pregnant.       
N: Question Three.
    What does the doctor say about Anne?
F: The doctor says she's completely healthy.       
N: Question Four.
    How has Steven been since he got word that he's going to be a father?   
F: He's been nervous.   
N: Question Five.
    What are Anne and Steven looking forward to,
    after the baby arrives?
F: They're looking forward to having Mary visit them.
N: Now listen to Anne talking to her father on the phone.   
M: Hello.       
ANNE: Hello, Dad?
        It's me, Anne.
M: Hi, Annie. How are you feeling?
ANNE: I'm fine, Dad. In fact,
      I feel completely healthy.
M: Good. Steven's a little nervous, I suppose.       
ANNE: A little nervous?
    He's very nervous.       
M: Have you bought all the things you need for the baby?   
ANNE: Not Yet. Steven's out shopping right now.
    We've already bought a crib,
    some baby blankets, diapers, and bottles, but we haven't bought a baby carriage yet.

185
 
    I think he may buy one today.
N: You heard Anne say. . .
ANNE: We've already bought a crib,
    some baby blankets, diapers, and bottles,
    but we haven't bought a baby carriage yet.
N: Now you're going to play the role of Janet or Carlos,
    another couple expecting a baby.
    Tell us what you've already bought and what you haven't bought yet.
    For example, I say,
    "A crib . . . a baby carriage."
    And you say. . .
M: We've already bought a crib,
    but we haven't bought a baby carriage yet.
N: If I say, "Baby blankets . . . diapers,"
    you say. . .
F: We've already bought some baby blankets, but we haven't bought any diapers yet.
N: Ready? Let's begin.
    A crib. . . a baby carriage.
M: We've already bought a crib, but we haven't bought a baby carriage yet.
N: Baby blankets . . . diapers.
F: We've already bought some baby blankets, but we haven't bought any diapers yet.
N: Bottles. . . a high chair.
M: We've already bought some bottles, but we haven't bought a high chair yet.
N: A car seat. . . toys.
F: We've already bought a car seat, but we haven't bought any toys yet.   
N: A playpen . . . rattles.
M: We've already bought a playpen, but we haven't bought any rattles yet.   
N: Baby furniture . . . dolls.
F: We've already bought some baby furniture, but we haven't bought any dolls yet.
N: Well, you've bought a lot for the new baby, haven’t you?
    But it sounds like you have a lot of shopping to do before you're completely ready.
    This is the end of Review Four.

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8.1

BOOK EIGHT, LESSON ONE

N:This is Lesson One.
   Connie, Steven, and Jake are having a meeting.   
   Listen to the conversation.
  There are two words that begin with the letter h.
   Listen carefully for these two words that begin with h.
CONNIE: Oh, no. Kathy's sick?
   What's wrong?   
STEVEN: She'll be OK,
   but she could be away for months.
JAKE: You'll need help while Maria is away.   
STEVEN: Who can we hire?
   Any ideas?
N: Now, what are the two words that begin with the letter h?
F: The words are help and hire.
N: Now listen and repeat.
F: you'll need help   
   while Maria is away
   You'll need help while Maria is away.   
   You'll need help while Maria is away.   
N: OK. I say, "Help."
   And you say.. .   
F: You'll need help while Maria is away.   
N: I say, "Kathy."
   And you say . . .
F: You'll need help while Kathy is away.   
N: Ready? Let's begin.
    Help.
F: You'll need help while Maria is away.   
N: Kathy.   
F: You'll need help while Kathy is away.   
N: Sick.         
F: You'll need help while Kathy is sick.
N: A new assistant.   
F: You'll need a new assistant while Kathy is sick.   
N: We.   
F: We'll need a new assistant while Kathy is sick.   
N: Out.   
F: We'll need a new assistant while Kathy is out.   
N: Hire.   
F: We'll hire a new assistant while Kathy is out.   
N: Now let's listen to some more of the meeting where Jake, Connie and Steven talk about hiring an assistant.
   Who are they talking about?
   Listen for a name.
CONNIE: Patricia Woo is looking for a job now.
STEVEN: How much experience has she had in television?
CONNIE: She worked for a newspaper last year.
N: OK. Who are Connie and Steven talking about?
F: Patricia Woo.
N: Now listen and repeat.
F: she worked
   she worked for a newspaper
   She worked for a newspaper last year.
   She worked for a newspaper last year.
N: I say, "Patricia works for a newspaper now."
    And you say.. .
F: No, she doesn't.
    She worked for a newspaper last year.
N: I say, "Greg is a student at Columbia University."
    And you say.. .
F: No, he isn't.
    He was a student at Columbia University last year.
N: Change the time from the present to the past.
    Ready? Let's begin.
    Patricia works for a newspaper now.
F: No, she doesn't. She worked for a newspaper last year.
N: Greg is a student at Columbia University.
F: No, he isn't. He was a student at Columbia University last year.
N: Jim graduates from Columbia this year.
F: No, he doesn't.  He graduated from Columbia last year.
N: Bill and Greg work as cameramen.
F: No, they don't. They worked as cameramen last year.
N: John does the evening news at WEFL.
F: No, he doesn't. He did the evening news at WEFL last year.
N: Bob writes the scripts.
F: No, he doesn't. He wrote the scripts last year.
N: OK. Now Maria and Sam Finch are having dinner.
   They're talking about Steven.
   Listen to their conversation.
   Listen carefully for a specific year.
SAM: I like Steven.
   He's a good man.
   How long has he been at WEFL?
MARIA: Let's see. . .
   He started in 1987,
   so he's worked at WEFL for more than five years now.
SAM: Has he always been a director?
MARIA: Yes. He's been a director since 1987.
    Of course while I'm out here,
    he's the producer and Mike's the director.
SAM: Well, who's the cameraman?
N: OK. What specific year did you hear?
    Steven's been a director since . . . when?
F: Since 1987.
N: Now listen and repeat.
F: he started
   He started in 1987.
   He started in 1987.
   he's worked
   he's worked at WEFL
   He's worked at WEFL since 1987.
   He's worked at WEFL since 1987.
N: Now you hear. . .
F: Steven works at WEFL.
    He started in 1987.
N: And you say. . .
M: He's worked at WEFL since 1987.
N: You hear. . .
F: Maria is in Aspen. She got there on Monday.
N: And you say. . .
M: She's been in Aspen since Monday.
N: Ready? Let's go.
F: Steven works at WEFL.
    He started in 1987.
M: He's worked at WEFL since 1987.
F: Maria is in Aspen.
   She got there on Monday.



M: She's been in Aspen since Monday.
F: Bob and Carol live in Stamford.
   They moved there in August.
M:They've lived in Stamford since August.
F: Ted and Alice study computer programming at New York University.
    They began last fall.
M: They've studied computer programming since last fall.
F: Maria knows Mike.
   She met him in St. Louis.

169

M: She's known him since St. Louis.
F: Jake has an apartment in Manhattan.
    He bought it in 1988.
M: He's had an apartment in Manhattan since 1988.
F: Kathy's sick.
   She began to feel bad on Friday afternoon.
M: She's been sick since Friday afternoon.
N: Good! Here's some more of that meeting at WEFL.
   They're still talking about who to hire while Kathy is out sick.
   Who does Jake suggest?
JAKE:I know Patricia.
   She's never worked in television.
   Thomas Jones is good.
   He was a writer at an advertising agency in 1990.
   Now he's a writer for a magazine.
CONNIE: But he's never worked in news.
N: Well, who does Jake suggest for Kathy’s job?
M:Thomas Jones.
N: Now listen and repeat.
M: she's never worked
   She's never worked in television.
   She's never worked in television.
F: he's never worked
   He's never worked in news.
   He's never worked in news.
N: Now you hear. . .
M: Has Patricia worked a lot in television?
N: And you say. . .
F: No, she hasn't.
    She's never worked in television.
N: You hear. . .
M: But Patricia and Greg Olden worked together last year,  didn't they?
N: And you say. . .
F: No, they didn't. They've never worked together.
N: OK? Let's begin.
M: Has Patricia worked a lot in television?
F: No, she hasn't.  She's never worked in television.
M: But Patricia and Greg Olden worked together last year,
  didn't they?
F: No, they didn't. They've never worked together.
M: Wasn't Patricia a student at Columbia University?
F: No, she wasn't. She's never been a student at Columbia University.
M: Oh, that's right.
   Kathy studied at Columbia, didn't she?
F: No, she didn't. She's never studied at Columbia.
M: But they lived together in New York, right?
F: No, they didn't. They've never lived together in New York.
M: Well, Thomas Jones has worked for a long time in news, hasn't he?   
F: No, he hasn't. He's never worked in news.
M: Thomas really likes Patricia, doesn't he?
F: No, he doesn't. He's never liked Patricia.
N: That's it. This is the end of Lesson One.

8.2

BOOK EIGHT, LESSON TWO

N:This is Lesson Two.
  Thomas Jones's mother is describing her son to a reporter.
  Listen to the interview.
REPORTER: So tell me, Mrs. Jones,
  how long has Thomas been a writer?
MRS. JONES: Since he was a little boy.
  He wrote cute stories about animals.
  He was a good writer then too.
REPORTER: He's a terrific writer now,
  that's for sure.
  His articles for Ladies' Quarterly are really great.
  Tell me, when did he start writing professionally?
MRS. JONES: Let me see . . .
  I think it was in 1985.
  Yes, of course, when he sold his first collection of short stories,
  Mysteries of Stamford.
  Yes. He's been a professional writer for a long time now. . .
  since 1985.
  Most of the time he's worked for himself.
  You know . . . short stories,
  newspaper articles.
  But then for a time there was no money in this,
  so in 1990 he took a nine-to-five job.
  He was a writer at an advertising agency -
  Cross and Rubicon,
  I think it was - for one year.
REPORTER: That was before he took the job at Ladies' Quarterly, wasn't it?
MRS. JONES: Yes. Thomas worked at Cross and Rubicon from September 1991 to August 1991.
  He never really liked that job.
  Maybe he just didn't like being in the world of big business
  . . . you know. . .
    writing to sell things to people who don't want to buy them.
    Kind of cheap,
    if you know what I mean.
  Thomas is very sensitive.
  Anyway, he now works for that magazine. . .
  What's its name?
REPORTER: Ladies' Quarterly.
MRS. JONES: Yes. That's it.
    Ladies' Quarterly.
    At the present time,
    Thomas writes for ladies' Quarterly.
N: Good. Now listen and repeat.
M:Thomas Jones is a writer.
  He's a terrific writer.
  he's been a writer
  He's been a writer since 1985.
  he was a writer
  he was a writer at an advertising agency   
  He was a writer at an advertising agency in 1990.
N: Now I say, "Since 1985."
    And you say . . .
M: He's been a writer since 1985.
N: I say, "In 1990."
    And you say.. .   
M: He was a writer in 1990.
N: I say, "Now." And you say. . .
M: He's a writer now.
N: Ready? Let's begin.
    Since 1985.
M: He's been a writer since 1985.
N: In 1990.
M: He was a writer in 1990.
N: Now.   
M: He's a writer now.
N: Since he was a little boy.
M: He's been a writer since he was a little boy.   
N: From 1990 to 1991.
M: He was a writer from 1990 to 1991.
N: Before he took a job at Cross and Rubicon.
M: He was a writer before he took a job at Cross and Rubicon.
N: At the present time.
M: He's a writer at the present time.
N: For a long time now.
M: He's been a writer for a long time now.
N: Good. Steven has been doing a lot of work.
    Listen to what he says.
STEVEN: Since Maria left,
    I've been so busy I can't think.
    I've been fixing the house.
    I've been buying baby furniture.
    And I've been producing the shows.
N: Poor Steven.
    Let's listen to some more.
STEVEN: What else?
    Oh. At night I've been putting up wallpaper in the baby's room.
    It's still a mess.
    How do parents do it all?
    Imagine having three or four children!
    It's too much.
N: Maybe Steven's been working too hard.
    There's been the cost of all this too.
    Poor Steven.
STEVEN: And the money!
    Anne and I have been spending too much money.
    Babies are expensive.
N: Well, Steven's been having a difficult time, hasn't he?
    Now listen and repeat.
M: I've been
    I've been fixing the house.
    I've been
    I've been buying baby furniture.
    I've been producing the shows.
    I've been putting up wallpaper.
    I've been spending too much money.
N: OK. You hear. . .
F: Have you fixed the house yet?
N: And you say. . .
M: Yes. I've been fixing the house every day.
N: You hear. . .
F: Have you bought any furniture for the baby yet?
N: And you say. . .
M: Yes. I've been buying baby furniture every day.
N: OK? Let's start.
F: Have you fixed the house yet?
M: Yes. I've been fixing the house every day.
F: Have you bought any baby furniture yet?
M: Yes. I've been buying baby furniture every day.
F: How about the baby's room?
    Have you put up wallpaper yet?
M: Yes. I've been putting up wallpaper every day.
F: And your wife?
    Have you spent time with your wife?
M: Yes. I've been spending time with my wife every day.
F: Well, what about your work at WEFL?
    Have you produced any shows?
M: Yes. I've been producing shows every day.
F: And business?
    Has WEFL made any money?
M: Yes. WEFL's been making money every day.
F: How about me?
    Have you thought of me lately?
M: Yes. I've been thinking of you every day.
N: Sam Finch called Steven from Aspen.
    Let's listen to some of their conversation.
    Listen carefully for the name of a hotel.
    It's the hotel where Sam wants to have dinner with Maria.
SAM: I've been busy.
    I've been making a business deal in California.
    I'm in Aspen right now.
STEVEN: Yeah. I understand you're skiing with Maria.
SAM: We've made plans to meet this afternoon,
    but I can't  make it,
    and I haven't been able to find Maria.
    She moved to a different hotel.
    If she calls,
    tell her I'll meet her for dinner at the Grand Hotel at eight o'clock.
STEVEN: OK. The Grand Hotel.
SAM: How's Anne?
STEVEN: Anne's fine. She hasn't been sleeping well lately.
    But the doctors say she's doing fine.
SAM: That's good.
    How've you been. . . Dad?
STEVEN: Oh, I've been working hard lately.
N: Well, what's the name of the hotel where Sam wants to have dinner with Maria?
M: The Grand Hotel.
N: Now listen and repeat.
M: she hasn't been sleeping
    She hasn't been sleeping well lately.
    She hasn't been sleeping well lately.
N: Now you hear....
F: How's Anne?
    Has she been sleeping well?
N: And you say. . .
M: No. She hasn't been sleeping well lately.
N: You hear. . .
F: And Kathy?
    How has she been?
    Has she been feeling well?
N: And you say. . .
M: No. She hasn't been feeling well lately.
N: Ready? Let's begin.
F: How's Anne?
    Has she been sleeping well?
M: No. She hasn't been sleeping well lately.
F: And Kathy?
    How has she been?
    Has she been feeling well?
M: No. She hasn't been feeling well lately.
F: What about Jake and Mike?
    Have they been playing any basketball?
M: No. They haven't been playing any basketball lately.
F: And Maria?
    Has she been working hard?
M: No. She hasn't been working hard lately.
F: How about you?
    Have you been making any money?
M: No. I haven't been making any money lately.
F: Have you been doing well?
M: No. I haven't been doing well lately.
F: What about your English?
    Have you been studying a lot?
M: No. I haven't been studying English a lot lately.
N: That's all for now.
    End of Lesson Two.

8.3

BOOK EIGHT, LESSON THREE

N: Lesson Three.
    Listen to two employment agents discussing resumes.
  They're looking for someone to work at a pharmaceutical company.
  They're talking about three people.
    Listen for the three names.
MAN 2: All right. Now we'll look at Bob here.
  Well, you can see he started out as a teacher,
  but he was a science teacher,
  so he knows science.
WOMAN 1: He worked as a scientist between 1988 and 1990.
MAN 2: So he was a scientist too,
    now he's director of product development.
    OK. Now, you know, we'll look at John.
    And we know that he has a Ph.D. That's good.
    Now let's see if he's making the tablets too.
WOMAN1: John has experience with tablets,
    but Jim doesn't.
N:Good. Now what are the three names you heard?
F:Bob, John, and Jim.
N:OK. Now listen and repeat.
F:John has experience
  John has experience with tablets
  but Jim doesn't
  John has experience with tablets, but Jim doesn't.
N:I say, "John has experience with tablets.
  Jim has no experience with tablets."
  And you say. . .
F:John has experience with tablets, but Jim doesn't.
N:I say, "Steven's looking for a new job.
  Connie's happy with her job at WEFL."
  And you say. . .
F:Steven's looking for a new job, but Connie isn't.
N:OK? Let's begin.
  John has experience with tablets. Jim has no experience with tablets.
F:John has experience with tablets, but Jim doesn't.
N:Steven's looking for a new job. Connie's happy with her job at WEFL.
F:Steven's looking for a new job, but Connie isn't.
N:Thomas uses a computer to write his articles. Patricia uses a pencil.
F:Thomas uses a computer to write his articles, but Patricia doesn't.
N:Anne likes Mexican food. Steven eats only hamburgers.
F:Anne likes Mexican food, but Steven doesn't.
N:Maria's skiing in Aspen. Sam's making a business deal in California.
F:Maria's skiing in Aspen, but Sam isn't.
N:Dan works at IBM, Greg is unemployed.
F:Dan works at IBM, but Greg doesn't.
N:Good. Now listen to some more of the conversation between the two employment agents.
MAN 2: Well, looking at it,
  Jim's also used computers . . .
  Bob has too.
  I would say both John and Jim have a significant advantage over Bob,
  but they just have more experience . . .
WOMAN 2: John hasn't used an IBM computer before,
  and George hasn't either.
MAN 1: When he was at Emory,
  can you tell me what he did there?
WOMAN 2: He was a programmer.
  Sandy's worked as a computer programmer,
  but John hasn't.
MAN1: All right,
  now who have you got over here?
WOMAN 2: I have the guy for the training job.
  I think he is absolutely perfect! He is.
N: Well, one guy can do this,
  another can do that.
  It sounds really difficult to find the right person for the job. . .
 
173

  or the right job for the person.
  Listen and repeat.
M:Jim has used computers
  and Bob has too
  Jim has used computers, and Bob has too.
  Jim has used computers, and Bob has too.
  John hasn't used an IBM computer
  and George hasn't either
  John hasn't used an IBM computer, and George hasn't either.
  John hasn't used an IBM computer, and George hasn't either.
N:Now I say, "Both Jim and Bob have used computers."
  And you say.. .
M:Jim has used computers, and Bob has too.
N: I say, "John and George have never used an IBM."
  And you say.. .
M:John has never used an IBM, and George hasn't either.
N: I say, "Jim and Bob have a lot of experience."
  And you say . . .
M:Jim has a lot of experience, and so does Bob.
N:I say, "John and George don't have any experience."
  And you say.. .
M:John doesn't have any experience, and George doesn't either.
N:OK. Are you ready?
  Let's begin.
  Both Jim and Bob have used computers.
M:Jim has used computers, and Bob has too.
N:John and George have never used an IBM.
M:John has never used an IBM, and George hasn't either.
N:Jim and Bob have a lot of experience.
M:Jim has a lot of experience, and so does Bob.
N:John and George don't have any experience.
M:John doesn't have any experience, and George doesn't either.
N:Steven and Anne have both spent a lot of money lately.
M: Steven has spent a lot of money lately, and Anne has too.
N:Jake and Connie are great reporters.
M:Jake's a great reporter, and Connie is too.
N:Mike and his cousin have never been to Aspen.
M:Mike has never been to Aspen,
  and his cousin hasn't either.
N:Both Thomas and his friend Sandy don't eat meat.
M:Thomas doesn't eat meat, and his friend Sandy doesn't either.
N:Anne and Steven can't wait for the baby to arrive.
M:Anne can't wait for the baby to arrive, and Steven can't either.
N:OK. Now, Steven is talking to Maria on the telephone.
  He has hired Patricia Woo.
  Listen to their conversation.
MARIA: Who's Patricia Woo?
  How much experience has she had in television? . . .
  Why do you want to hire Patricia?
STEVEN: She has had experience as a reporter,
  but Greg and Thomas haven't.
MARIA: She sounds good.
  I'll talk to her when I get back.
  Is everything else all right?
STEVEN: Connie has been working on a story on employment agencies.
  She's still working on it.
  Jake has been working on an archaeology story.
MARIA: It sounds like you've been doing fine, Steven.
  I'll call again in a few days.
N:Now listen and repeat.
F:Connie has been working
  Connie has been working on a story
  Connie has been working on a story on employment agencies.
  Connie has been working on a story on employment agencies.
  she's been working on it
  she's been working on it all week
  and she's still not finished
  She's been working on it all week, and she's still not finished.
  She's been working on it all week, and she's still not finished.
  Jake has been working
  Jake has been working on an archaeology story.
  Jake has been working on an archaeology story.
  he's been working on it
  he's been working on it all week
  and he's still not finished
  He's been working on it all week, and he's still not finished.
  He's been working on it all week, and he's still not finished.
N:Now you hear...
F:Is Jake still working on an archaeology story?
N:And you say. . .
M:Yes, he is.
  He's been working on it all week, and he's still not finished.
N:You hear. . .
F:Is Connie still working on a story on employment agencies?
N:And you say. . .
M:Yes, she is.
  She's been working on it all week, and she's still not finished.
N:Ready? Let's begin.
F:Is Jake still working on an archaeology story?
M:Yes, he is.
    He's been working on it all week, and he's still not finished.
F: Is Connie still working on a story on employment agencies?
M:Yes, she is.
  She's been working on it all week, and she's still not finished.
F:Is Steven still wallpapering the baby's room?
M:Yes, he is.
    He's been wallpapering it all week, and he's still not finished.
F:Is Anne still shopping?
M:Yes, she is.
  She's been shopping all week, and she's still not finished.
F:Are Maria and Sam still skiing?
M:Yes, they are.
  They've been skiing all week, and they're still not finished.
F:Is it still snowing in Aspen?
M:Yes, it is.
    It's been snowing all week,and it's still not finished.
F: Are you still studying Lesson Four?
M: Yes, I am. I've been studying it all week, and I'm still not finished.
N: Yes, you are.
    And, this is the end of Lesson Three.
 
 
174

8.4

BOOK EIGHT, LESSON FOUR

N: Lesson Four.
    Listen to Steven as he talks about his wife, Anne.
STEVEN: The doctor says Anne might have the baby soon.
    She has some pains,
    and the doctor's not sure.
    But I don't know.
    She might not have it.
    What if she has it early?
    She's almost two weeks early.
N: Now listen to this conversation.
STEVEN: Connie, I might have to leave early today.
CONNIE: Uh-huh.
STEVEN: And I might not be in tomorrow or the next day.
N: Now listen and repeat.
M: Anne might have the baby soon
    The doctor says Anne might have the baby soon.
    The doctor says Anne might have the baby soon.
    But I don't know.
    She might not have it.
    But I don't know. She might not have it.
    But I don't know. She might not have it.
    I might have to leave early today.
    I might have to leave early today.
    And I might not be in tomorrow.
    And I might not be in tomorrow.
N: We often use might or might not to talk about a future possibility.
    We say something might happen or it might not happen.
    We say we might do something or we might not do something.
    All right, now you're going to hear.. .
M: Anne is almost ready to have the baby, so Steven has to leave early today.
N: And you say. . .
F: He might have to leave early tomorrow too.
N: You hear. . .
M: Maria isn't in today.
    She's very busy.
N: You say. . .
M: She might not be in tomorrow either.
N: Ready? Let's begin.
M: Anne is almost ready to have the baby, so Steven has to leave early today.
F: He might have to leave early tomorrow too.
M: Maria isn't in today. She's very busy.
F: She might not be in tomorrow either.
M: Steven wants to be with Anne today.
F: He might want to be with Anne tomorrow too.
M: He's very nervous today.
F: He might be very nervous tomorrow too.
M: Anne wants him to be at home today.
F: She might want him to be at home tomorrow too.
M: Anne and Steven don't have a name for the baby today.
F:They might not have a name for the baby tomorrow either.
M: Connie doesn't know Steven's schedule today.
F: She might not know Steven's schedule tomorrow either.
N: All right,
    you know that there are two other ways to talk about possibilities.
    For example, to say,
    "He might be in his office,"
    you can also say . . .
M: He may be in his office.
N: Or you can say. . .
M: He could be in his office.
N: Now listen to these three sentences, which mean almost the same thing.
M: He might be late for work tomorrow.
    He may be late for work tomorrow.
    He could be late for work tomorrow.
N: Now listen to each one again.
    This time, repeat the sentence after you hear it.
F: He might be late for work tomorrow.
    He may be late for work tomorrow.
    He could be late for work tomorrow.
N: Now you're going to hear some questions and then a cue to the answer,
    using either might, may, or could.
    For example, I ask the question,
    "Where's Steven?"
    And you hear the cue. . .
M: May . . . in his office.
N: So you say. . .
F: I don't know. He may be in his office.
N: Or I say,
    "What are you doing tonight?"
    Then you hear the cue.. .
M: Might . . . to a movie.
N: And you say. . .
F: I don't know. I might go to a movie.
N: All ready? Let's begin.
    Where's Steven?
M: May . . . in his office.
F: I don't know.  He may be in his office.
N: What are you doing tonight?
M: Might . . . to a movie.
F: I don't know. I might go to a movie.
N: Where's my script?
M: Could . . . on your desk.
F: I don't know. It could be on your desk.
N: What nationality is he?
M: Could. . . American.
F:  I don't know.  He could be American.
N: When will Maria call?
M: May . . . tonight.
F: I don't know. She may call tonight.
N: Where are you going on your vacation?
M: Might . . . California.
F: I don't know.  I might go to California.
N: How are you going to get there?
M: May . . . drive.
F: I don't know.  I may drive.
N: Now listen to this conversation about WEFL's story about archaeology on the Mediterranean coast.
JAKE: And every year, people from allover the world come to dig here.
  This was a big city a long time ago.
MIKE: What do they look for?
JAKE: Anything. They might find statues, temples, coins, pottery. Who knows?
MIKE: Do they find anything?
JAKE: Sometimes they find things on the ground.
    Sometimes they find things under the ground or under rocks.
    Sometimes they find things on top of walls. . .
    That's not the only place they dig.
MIKE: What do you mean?
JAKE: Herod's City was located on the coast . . .

175

    A lot of people look for objects that might be on the bottom of the sea.
MIKE: You mean they might find objects in the water?
JAKE: Yes. The city was once a major harbor.   
N: Now listen and repeat.
M: people from allover the world
    come to dig here   
    People from allover the world come to dig here.   
    they might find statues
    temples   
    coins   
    pottery
    They might find statues, temples, coins, pottery.   
F: on the ground   
    Sometimes they find things on the ground.   
    under the ground   
    sometimes they find things under the ground   
    or under rocks   
    Sometimes they find things under the ground or under rocks.
    on-top of walls   
    Sometimes they find things on top of walls.   
M: some people look for objects
    that might be   
    on the bottom of the sea
    some people look for objects that might be       
    on the bottom of the sea
    Some people look for objects that might be on the bottom of  the sea.       
F: in the water   
    objects that are in the water
    They might find objects that are in the water.   
N: All right. Now let's imagine that you are an archaeologist.
    Start by repeating this sentence . . .
F: I'm an archaeologist.
M: I'm an archaeologist.
N: OK, OK, you're an archaeologist.
    Now you're going to tell us where you found different things.
    For example, you hear . . .   
M: Statue . . . under . . . rocks.
N: And you say. . .   
F: I found this statue under the rocks.       
N: You hear. . .   
M: Pottery . . . on top of . . . wall.
N: And you say. . .   
F: I found this pottery on top of the wall.     
N: All right, let's begin.
M: Statue . . . under . . . rocks.
F: I found this statue under the rocks.
M: Pottery . . . on top of . . . wall.
F: I found this pottery on top of the wall.
M: Coins . . . on the bottom of . . . sea.   
F: I found these coins on the bottom of the sea.
M: Bible . . . on . . . ground.
F: I found this Bible on the ground.
M: Statue of a king . . . under . . . ground.
F: I found this statue of a king under the ground.
M:Temple . . . on the bottom of ...harbors.
F: I found this temple on the bottom of the harbor.
M: Rocks . . . in . . . water.
F: I found these rocks in the water.
N: You said you found those rocks in the water?
    Well, I hope those rocks are important to archaeologists like you.
    They look like plain old rocks to me.
    But, of course, I'm not an archaeologist.
    This is the end of Lesson Four.

8.5

BOOK EIGHT, LESSON FIVE

N:Welcome to Lesson Five.
    Listen to Connie as she tells us about some things she's never done
    and some other things that she has done in her life.
CONNIE: I'm thirty-three years old.
      I've never been married.
      Work has always been the most important thing . . .
      Is it worth it? Sure.
    There are things I've done that Steven hasn't done.
    I've traveled around the world as a reporter.
    I've visited fifty countries.
    That's exciting too.
N: Connie is thirty-three years old.
    That's not very young,
      but it's also not very old.
    There are many things that she has already done,
    but there are some things Connie has never done.
    Now, when you hear. . .
M: Visit fifty countries.
N: You say. . .
F: She's already visited fifty countries. 
N: When you hear. . .
M: Not be married.
N: You say. . .
F: She's never been married.
N: All right. Let's begin.
M: Visit fifty countries.
F: She's already visited fifty countries.
M: Not be married.
F: She's never been married.
M: Go to China three times.
F: She's already gone to China three times.
M: Not see the Great Wall.
F: She's never seen the Great Wall.
M: Not visit India.
F: She's never visited India.
M: Be invited to the White House.
F: She's already been invited to the White House.
M: Not meet the President of the United States.
F: She's never met the President of the United States.
N: Now listen to this conversation.
    Notice what the man and woman say they have and haven't done.
M: Oh, come on.
    You mean you've been to China three times,
    and you've never seen the Great Wall?
F: It's true. I've haven't seen it yet.
    But I will Someday.
M: And you've been invited to the White House three times,
    but you've never met the President?
F: I haven't met him yet.
    But I will.
    I have a long life ahead of me.
N: When the man says,
    "You've never seen the Great Wall?"
    and "You've never met the President?"
    he's expressing surprise that the woman's never done these things.
    But when she says,
    "I haven't seen it yet" or "I haven't met him yet,"
    she means that there is still time.
    She might do these things in the future.
    She says . . .
F: I have a long life ahead of me.
N: Now, when you hear...
M: You've never been married?
N: You say. . .
F: I haven't been married yet.
N: When you hear. . .
M: You've never met the President of the United States?
N: You say. . .
F: I haven't met him yet.

176
   
N: OK? Let's begin.
M: You've never been married?
F:  I haven't been married yet.
M: You've never met the President of the United States?
F:  I haven't met him yet.
M: You've never visited India?
F: I haven't visited there yet.
M: You've never lived in Los Angeles?
F: I haven't lived there yet.
M: You've never been invited to the White House?
F: I haven't been invited there yet.
N: Now listen to this conversation between Connie and Mike.
MIKE: Have you heard from Steven?
CONNIE: He's still waiting.
    Poor Steven.
    He stayed up all night last night.
    He's on pins and needles.
MIKE: He must be tired today.
    And he must be worried.
    Is Anne OK?
CONNIE: She's fine.
    She had pains this morning.
    She must be ready to have the baby.
N: Now listen and repeat.
M: must be tired
    he must be tired
    He must be tired today.
    He must be tired today.
F: must be worried
    he must be worried
    And he must be worried.
    And he must be worried.
M: must be ready
    she must be ready
    She must be ready to have the baby.
    She must be ready to have the baby.
N: When we say that someone must be something,
    like must be tired
    or must be worried,
    we are talking about an assumption
    that we are almost certain is true.
    Now, when you hear a statement using almost certain,
    say the same thing using must.
    For example, you hear.. .
F: I'm almost certain Steven is tired.
N: And you say. . .
M: He must be tired.
N: You hear. . .
F: I'm almost certain Steven and Anne are worried.
N: And you say. . .
M: They must be worried.
N: All right, let's begin.
M: I'm almost certain Steven is tired.
F:  He must be tired.
M: I'm almost certain Steven and Anne are worried.
F: They must be worried.
M: I'm almost certain Steven is nervous.
F: He must be nervous.
M: I'm almost certain Jake's story is good.
F:  It must be good.
M: I'm almost certain Connie has an interesting job.
F: She must have an interesting job.
M: I'm almost certain Mike and Jake are hungry.
F: They must be hungry.
M: I'm almost certain Maria is having a great time on her vacation.
F: She must be having a great time on her vacation.
N: Don't forget that you can also use must be with a verb that ends in -ing to show that you are almost certain something is happening.
    For example,
    I saw Connie going into that restaurant at noon.
    That was 15 minutes ago.
    She must be having lunch.
    Now this time,
    you'll hear a situation and you say what must be happening.
    For example,
    You hear. . .
M: Jake is very tired.
    He's been sitting in a comfortable chair with his eyes closed for a long time.
N: And you say. . .
F: He must be sleeping.
N: You hear. . .
M: Maria is on vacation.
    She's been doing a lot of skiing
    and eating in nice restaurants with Sam Finch.
N: And you say. . .
F: She must be having a good time.
N: OK, ready? Let's begin.
M: Jake is very tired.
    He's been sitting in a comfortable chair
    with his eyes closed for a long time.
F: He must be sleeping.
M: Maria is on vacation.
    She's been doing a lot of skiing
    and eating in nice restaurants with Sam Finch.
F: She must be having a good time.
M:The door to Connie's office is closed,
    and I can hear the sound of her typewriter.
F: She must be working.
M: Rita went out today wearing her tennis shoes
    and carrying her tennis racket.
    I wonder what she's doing.
F: She must be playing tennis.
M: The waitress in the restaurant served Maria and Sam their food.
    That was ten minutes ago.
    But they're not eating;
    they're talking and looking at each other.
    What's happening to their hot food?
F: It must be getting cold.
N: Now listen to Connie and Mike again.
    This time they're talking about Steven.
MIKE: So Steven won't be able to come in today.
CONNIE: That's OK.
    I have the schedules and the scripts.
    I'll be able to manage while he's gone.
MIKE: He won't be able to see Jake's story on archaeology.
    We'll show it to him tomorrow.
CONNIE: I'm not sure he'll be able to come in to work tomorrow either, Mike.
MIKE: Where's Maria?
CONNIE: Today's Thursday.
    Maria won't be back until Friday.
    I don't think she'll be able to see the story either.
N: Now listen and repeat.
M: Steven won't be able
    to come in today
    Steven won't be able to come in today.
    Steven won't be able to come in today.
F: I'll be able
    to manage
    while he's gone
    I'll be able to manage while he's gone.
    I'll be able to manage while he's gone.
M: he won't be able
    to see Jake's story
    He won't be able to see Jake's story.
     
177

    He won't be able to see Jake's story.
F: he'll be able
    to come in to work tomorrow
    He'll be able to come in to work tomorrow.
    He'll be able to come in to work tomorrow.
M: I don't think she'll be able
    to see the story either
    I don't think she'll be able to see the story either.
    I don't think she'll be able to see the story either.
N: Now you're going to listen to some sentences.
    Change each sentence by adding a form of be able to  after will or won't,
    might or might not.
    For example, you hear.. .
M: Steven won't come to work tomorrow.
N: And you say. . .
F: Steven won't be able to come to work tomorrow.
N: If you hear . . .
M: Jake might take a day off tomorrow.
N: Then you say. . .
F: Jake might be able to take a day off tomorrow.
N: All right? Let's begin.
M: Steven won't come to work tomorrow.
F:  Steven won't be able to come to work tomorrow.
M: Jake might take a day off tomorrow.
F: Jake might be able to take a day off tomorrow.
M: Mike might not help Steven this week.
F: Mike might not be able to help Steven this week.
M: Marie won't see Jake's story on archaeology.
F: Maria won't be able to see Jake's story on archaeology.
M: Maria might return before Friday.
F: Maria might be able to return before Friday.
M: Jake will do excellent work in the future.
F: Jake will be able to do excellent work in the future.
N: And now, what about you?
    Will you be able to do excellent work in the future?
    I hope so.
    That's the end of Lesson Five.

8.6

BOOK EIGHT, LESSON SIX

N:Welcome to Lesson Six.
    For this lesson,
    you'll need a pencil and a piece of paper.
    Listen to this part of the conversation between Connie and Jake.
JAKE: Where's Maria?
CONNIE: I don't know.
    She might be caught in a snowstorm somewhere.
JAKE: Try her house.
    She might be home.
CONNIE: I called.
    She's not there.
JAKE: Where's Steven?
    Have you heard from him?
CONNIE: No, not yet.
JAKE: Well, the show must go on.
    We'll be able to do today's show without them.
CONNIE: No problem.
JAKE: Except we can't find the scripts.
    Do you know where they are?
CONNIE: They must be on the bookshelf.
    I put them there yesterday.
JAKE: Ah, here they are.
N:Now listen and repeat.
F:she might be   
  she might be caught
  caught in a snowstorm
  caught in a snowstorm somewhere
  She might be caught in a snowstorm somewhere.
  She might be caught in a snowstorm somewhere.
M:Try her house.
    She might be home.
    Try her house. She might be home.
    Try her house. She might be home.
    must go
    must go on
    the show must go on
    Well, the show must go on.
    Well, the show must go on.
    Except we can’t find the scripts.
    Except we can't find the scripts.
F: they must be   
    on the bookshelf
    They must be on the bookshelf.
    They must be on the bookshelf.
    I put them there yesterday.
    I put them there yesterday.
N: By now you know that when we use might or might not,
    we are expressing a possibility.
    And we often use  must or must not to express an assumption.
    For example,
    when we say. . .
M: Maria might be home.
N: We mean it is possible that Maria is home,
    but we really don't know.
    When we say...
F: The scripts must be on the bookshelf.
N: We mean that we assume the scripts are on the bookshelf.
    In other words,
    we are almost certain that they're on the shelf.
    Listen to the following situations and decide whether to respond using might or using must.
    For example, you hear. . .
F: Jake hasn't slept for a long time.
M: Be tired.
N: And you say. . .
F: He must be tired.
N: Or you hear. . .
M: When will the new furniture arrive?
F: Arrive today.
N: And you say. . .

179

M: It might arrive today.
N: All right. Let's begin.
F: Jake hasn't slept for a long time.
M: Be tired.
F: He must be tired.
M: When will the new furniture arrive?
F: Arrive today.
M: It might arrive today.
F: Jake's alone in his office,
    but I can hear him talking.
M: On the telephone.
F: He must be on the telephone.
M: Mike doesn't know where to go on his next vacation.
F: Go to Europe.
M: He might go to Europe.
F: Steven told me he was on pins and needles.
M: Be very nervous.
F: He must be very nervous.
M: Mike said to call it a day.
    I wonder what he wants us to do.
F:Stop working.
M:He must want us to stop working.
N: Now take your pencil and a piece of paper.
    In a moment,
    you're going to have a dictation.
    But don't write anything yet.
    Just listen.
M: An ancient city was built 3,000 years ago by King Herod.
    Today, it is buried under the water and under the sand of this Mediterranean coast.
    Archaeologists look for objects there.
    They look for pottery,
    statues, temples, and coins.
    They hope these objects will help them understand the past.
N: Now take your pencil and a piece of paper.
    Listen to each group of words again and write what you hear.
    Ready? Let's begin.
M: An ancient city
    was built
    3,000 years ago
    by King Herod.
    Today, it is buried
    under the water
    and under the sand
    of this Mediterranean coast.
    Archaeologists
    look for objects there.
    They look for pottery,
    statues,
    temples,
    and coins.
    They hope these objects
    will help them
    understand the past.
N: Now listen as you hear the paragraph for the last time.
    Take your pencil and try to correct any mistakes you find.
      Ready? Listen.
M: An ancient city was built 3,000 years ago by King Herod.
    Today, it is buried under the water and under the sand of this Mediterranean coast.
    Archaeologists look for objects there.
    They look for pottery, statues, temples, and coins.
    They hope these objects will help them understand the past.
N: Now use your paper to answer the following six questions.
    Give short answers.
    Question One.
M: What was built 3,000 years ago?
F: An ancient city.
N: Question Two.
M: What king built the city?
F: King Herod.
N: Question Three.
M:Today, the city is buried under what two things?
F: Under the water and under the sand.
N: Question Four.
M: What is the name of the coast where this city is buried?
F: The Mediterranean coast.
N: Question Five.
M: What four things do the archaeologists look for?
F: Pottery, statues, temples, and coins.
N: Question Six.
M: What do they hope these objects will help them understand?
F The past.
N: And I hope these lessons will help you understand the English language.
    This is the end of Lesson Six.

8.7

BOOK EIGHT, LESSON SEVEN

N: Welcome to Lesson Seven.
    Listen to Jake and Connie.
CONNIE: That was a very interesting story, Jake.
    What will the archaeologists find?
JAKE: I don't know what they'll find.
    They're looking for a temple.
N: Now listen and repeat.
F: archaeologists
    the archaeologists
    what will the archaeologists
    What will the archaeologists find?   
    What will the archaeologists find?   
M: I don't know   
    I don't know
    what they'll find   
    I don't know what they'll find.
    I don't know what they'll find.
N: You hear. . .   
F: What will the archaeologists find?   
N: And you say. . .   
M: I don't know what they'll find.
N: You hear. . .   
F: What are the archaeologists looking for?   
N: And you say. . .   
M: I don't know what they're looking for.   
N: OK? Let's go.   
F: What will the archaeologists find?   
M: I don't know what they'll find.
F: What are the archaeologists looking for?   
M: I don't know what they're looking for.   
F: When did they start digging?
M: I don't know when they started digging.   
F: Who's managing the project?
M: I don't know who's managing the project.   
F: Where's Mike?   
M: I don't know where he is.
F: When will Maria be back?
M: I don't know when she'll be back.   
F: How long does it take to fly from Aspen to New York?
M: I don't know how long it takes to fly from Aspen to New York.
N: Good! Now listen.
CONNIE: How long will it take to uncover the city?
JAKE: I'm not sure how long it'll take.
    Maybe a hundred years.   
N: Listen and repeat.
F: how long will it take
    to uncover the city?
    How long will it take to uncover the city?   
    How long will it take to uncover the city?   
M: I'm not sure   
F: I'm not sure how long
    I'm not sure how long it'll take.
    I'm not sure how long it'll take.

180
 
N: Now you hear. . .
F: How long will it take to uncover the city?
N: And you say. . .
M: I'm not sure how long it'll take.
N: You hear. . .
F: How's Anne?
N: And you say. . .
M: I'm not sure how she is.
N: Ready? Here we go.
F: How long will it take to uncover the city?
M: I'm not sure how long it'll take.
F: How's Anne?
M: I'm not sure how she is.
F: What time did little Peter Winn arrives?
M: I'm not sure what time he arrived.
F: When is Anne leaving the hospital?
M: I'm not sure when she's leaving the hospital.
F: Who's Anne's doctor?
M: I'm not sure who her doctor is.
F: Where's the champagne?
M: I'm not sure where the champagne is.
N: OK. Mike is wondering what to get for Steven's baby.
    He thinks he should buy him . . . what?
    Listen for what Mike decides to get Steven's baby.
MIKE: I should get a gift for Steven's baby,
  but I'm not sure what babies need . . .
  This is difficult.
  I'm not sure what they need . . .
  Does the baby need blankets?
  Nah, they bought lots of blankets for the baby. . .
  I'll buy something fun.
  I should get him a toy.
  Yeah, a toy with bright colors!
N: What does Mike think he should get for little Peter Winn?
M: A toy.
    A toy with bright colors.
N: Now listen and repeat.
M: I should get
    I should get a gift
    I should get a gift for Steven's baby.
    I should get a gift for Steven' baby.
    I should get him a toy.
    I should get him a toy.
N: The word get in these sentences means about the same as buy.
    I should get him a toy is about the same as I should buy him a toy.
    Let's practice this use of get.
    I say, "I should buy a gift for Steven's baby."
    And you say. . .
M: I should get a gift for Steven’ baby.   
N: I say, "They bought lots of blankets for the baby."
    And you say.. .   
M: They got lots of blankets for the baby.   
N: Ready? Let's start.
    I should buy a gift for Steven's baby.
M: I should get a gift for Steven's baby.   
N: They bought lots of blankets for the baby.   
M: They got lots of blankets for the baby.   
N: Did Maria buy anything for little Peter in Aspen?
M: Did Maria get anything for little Peter in Aspen?
N: I wonder what she bought him.
M: I wonder what she got him.
N: I wonder what Connie's buying him.   
M: I wonder what Connie's getting him.   
N: Isn't F.A.O. Schwarz the best place to buy toys?
M: Isn't F.A.O. Schwarz the best place to get toys?
N: Yes, I think I'll buy him a toy at F.A.O. Schwarz.
M: Yes, I think I'll get him a toy at F.A.O. Schwarz.
N: OK. Very good.
    Mike and Jim are talking about F.A.O. Schwarz.
    Let's listen.
MIKE: I wonder how big F.A.O. Schwarz is.
JIM:Those dolls might be good for Steven's baby.
    What's the baby's name?
MIKE: I don't remember what his name is . . .
    Those little girls are cute.
JIM: Yeah. They'll make a good picture for the story.
MIKE: I wonder how much those video games cost.
N: Now listen and repeat.
M: I wonder   
    I wonder how big
    I wonder how big F.A.O. Schwarz is.   
    I wonder how big F.A.O. Schwarz is.   
    I wonder   
    I wonder how much
    I wonder how much those video games cost.   
N: OK. Now you hear...
F: F.A.O. Schwarz is a big store.
N: And you say. . .
M: I wonder how big F.A.O. Schwarz is.
N: You hear. . .
F: Those video games don't cost much.
N: And you say. . .
M: I wonder how much those video games cost.
N: OK? Here we go.
F: F.A.O. Schwarz is a big store.
M: I wonder how big F.A.O. Schwarz is.
F: Those video games don't cost much.
M: I wonder how much those video games cost.
F: It takes a lot of employees to run F.A.O. Schwarz.
M: I wonder how many employees it takes to run F.A.O. Schwarz.
F: Just think, someone makes all those teddy bears.
M: I wonder who makes all those teddy bears.
F: It must take a long time.
M: I wonder how long it takes.
F: I should ask someone.
M: I wonder who I should ask.
F: We should buy something for little Peter.
M: I wonder what we should buy for little Peter.
N: That's it! This is the end of Lesson Seven.

8.8

BOOK EIGHT, LESSON EIGHT

N: Welcome to Lesson Eight.
    For this lesson,
    you'll need a pencil and a piece of paper.
    Mike has no idea what he should buy for little Peter Winn.
    He decides to call WEFL and ask for advice.
    First he talks to Maria.
    Listen.
MARIA: It's winter, Mike.
    Buy a baby hat.
    My mother always told me to keep babies very warm.
N: Then he talks to Connie.
CONNIE: It's easy, Mike.
  Buy some baby clothes.
  Anything pretty.
  But don't buy anything pink.
  Buy blue for baby boys.
N: And he talks to Jake.
JAKE: Don't buy clothes.
    Buy something he can use.
    Buy a toy.
    Buy a toy football.

181
     
    Do you see any toy footballs at F.A.O. Schwarz?
N: Finally, he remembers what Jim said to him at the store.
JIM: Don't buy a toy.
    Buy a teddy bear. He'll love it.
N:Take a pencil and a piece of paper and write down the advice
  that Mike's friends at WEFL gave him.
  Just write down the important information.
MIKE: I still don't know what I can buy.
    They all told me to buy something different.
    Maria told me to buy a warm hat for the baby.
    Connie told me to buy some baby clothes.
    Jake told me not to buy clothes.
    He told me to buy a toy football.
    And Jim told me not to buy a toy.
    He told me to buy a teddy bear.
N: Now some questions.
    I say,
    "What did Maria tell Mike to buy?"
    And you say . . .
F: She told him to buy a warm hat.
N: I say,
    "What did Jake tell Mike not to buy?"
    And you say . . .
M: He told him not to buy clothes.
N: Ready? Let's begin.
    What did Maria tell Mike to buy?
F: She told him to buy a warm hat.
N: What did Jake tell Mike not to buy?
M: He told him not to buy clothes.
N: What did Connie tell him to buy?
F: She told him to buy some baby clothes.
N: What did Jim tell Mike not to buy?
M: He told him not to buy a toy.
N: What did Jake tell him to buy?
F: He told him to buy a toy football.
N: What did Jim tell Mike to buy?
M: He told him to buy a teddy bear.
N: Maria calls Kathy to see how she's doing.
    Listen to the conversation.
    What does Kathy's doctor tell her about medication?
KATHY: Hello.
MARIA: Hi, Kathy.
    It's Maria.
    How are you?
KATHY: Oh! Maria.
    Hi! You're back.
MARIA: Yeah, I've been back since yesterday.
    How are you doing?
    Steven tells me you're not feeling well.
KATHY: Yeah, I'm not so good
    I'm tired all the time.
    What did Steven say?
MARIA: He didn't say much.
    What did the doctor tell you?
KATHY: He told me to . . . take
    . . . to take it easy.
MARIA:  What did he say?
KATHY: He said to take it easy.
    He said that I've been working too hard.
MARIA: Oh. Is he giving you any medication?
KATHY: No. He told me . . .
    not to go . . .
    back to work for . . .
    six months and to get lots of . . . rest.
MARIA: Did he say anything about medication?
KATHY: Nothing! He didn't say a word about medication.
    He said to drink lots of liquids and get lots of rest.
    He said not to go back to work for six months.
    That's it . . .
    Who's Ms. Woo?
N: OK. What did Kathy's doctor tell her about medication?
F: Nothing. He didn't say a word about medication.
N: Now listen and repeat.
F: he told me
    he told me to take
    He told me to take it easy.
    He told me to take it easy.
    he said
    he said to take
    He said to take it easy.
    He said to take it easy.
    he told me
    he told me not to go back to work
    He told me not to go back to work for six months.
    He told me not to go back to work for six months.
    he said
    he said not to go back to work
    He said not to go back to work for six months.
    He said not to go back to work for six months.
N: Notice that tell is usually followed by a person:
    Steven tells me . . . ,
    The doctor told Kathy. . .
    In a few expressions,
    we use tell without a person,
    for example:
    to tell the truth
    or to tell a lie
    or to tell a story.
    Say is usually followed by an object,
  for example:
    He didn't say a word,
    or Did he say anything?
    Or by an action,
    for example:
    He said to drink lots of liquids,
    or He said to take it easy.
    Let's practice these two words.
    You hear. . .
M: I told you to take it easy.
N:  you say
M:  He said to take it easy.
N:  You hear. . .
M: I told her not to go back to work for six months.
N: You say. . .
F: He said not to go back to work for six months.
N:  OK? Here we go.
M: I told you to take it easy.
F:  He said to take it easy.
M:  I told her not to go back to work for six months.
F:  He said not to go back to work for six months.
M: I told Kathy to drink lots of liquids.
F: He said to drink lots of liquids.
M: I told Maria and Steven not to visit her.
F: He said not to visit her.
M:I told Kathy to stay in bed for a few days.
F: He said to stay in bed for a few days.
M: I told her to eat lots of bananas.
F: He said to eat lots of bananas.
M: I told her not to talk for a long time on the telephone.
F: He said not to talk for a long time on the telephone.
N: Now let's try this exercise the other way.
    You hear. . .
F: He said that she was exhausted.
N: And you say. . .
M: He told us she was exhausted.
N: You hear. . .
F: He said that she's been working too hard.
N: And you say. . .
M: He told us she's been working too hard.
N: Ready? Let's go.
F: He said that she was exhausted.
M: He told us she was exhausted.
F: He said that she's been working too hard.
M: He told us she's been working too hard.

182

F: He said not to worry.
M: He told us not to worry.
F: But he said that she'll be out for six months.
M: But he told us she'll be out for six months.
F: He says to hire a replacement.
M: He tells us to hire a replacement.
F: They say that Patricia Woo is a terrific reporter.
M:They tell us Patricia Woo is a terrific reporter.
F: Maria says that she's doing very well.
M: Maria tells us she's doing very well.
N: This is the end of Lesson Eight.

8.9

BOOK EIGHT, LESSON NINE

N:This is Lesson Nine.
  Here's the opening to Jim Stuart's report on F.A.O. Schwarz.
    Listen.
JIM: What should you buy for a little boy?
    Do you know what you should buy for a little girl?
    If you have no idea what they want,
    then F.A.O. Schwarz is the place for you.
N: Now listen and repeat.
M: what should
    what should you buy
    What should you buy for a little boy?
    What should you buy for a little boy?
    do you know
    do you know what
    do you know what you should buy
    do you know what
    Do you know what you should buy for a little girl?
    Do you know what you should buy for a little girl?
N: The word should is used here to offer advice.
    Another way of saying
    "What should you buy for a little boy?"
    is "What's the right thing to buy for a little boy?"
    Possible answers to these questions are "The right thing to buy for a little boy is a teddy bear"
    or "You should buy a teddy bear for a little boy."
    They're about the same.
    Let's practice some sentences with should.
    You hear.. .
F: I haven't bought anything for Peter Winn yet.
N: And you say. . .
M: You should buy something for him.
N: You hear. . .
F: Steven hasn't taken a vacation in three years.
N: And you say. . .
M: He should take a vacation.
N:  OK? Let's go.
F: I haven't bought anything for Peter Winn yet.
M: You should buy something for him.
F: Steven hasn't taken a vacation in three years.
M: He should take a vacation.
F: Anne doesn't get any sleep at night.
M: She should get some sleep.
F: Greg and Dan haven't done any work in six months.
M: They should do some work.
F: They haven't paid their rent in two years.
M: They should pay their rent.
F: Pat hasn't eaten anything for two days.
M: She should eat something.
F: We haven't studied our English this week.
M: You should study your English.
N: Now back to Jim talking about F.A.O. Schwarz.

184

JIM: It may be the biggest toy store in the world!
    And if you can't find the right present here,
    then you can't find it anywhere.
    Today, we're shopping for someone special.
    Steven Winn, our director,
    has just had a little baby boy!
    So come on, we'll all go shopping!
N: Listen to the customers at F.A.O. Schwarz.
    Listen carefully for the toys.
    What toys are named?
SHOPPER 1: I'm shopping for my nephew.
    I have no idea what I should get him.
JIM: Maybe you'll find a toy at F.A.O. Schwarz.
SHOPPER 1: I'm not sure what I'll buy today.
JIM: Maybe a truck or a football.
SHOPPER 1: I don't know what I want to buy.
JIM: Dolls are popular.
    And I don't know where you can find better ones . . .
    I wonder what this little girl will buy. . .
SHOPPER 2: I need a gift for my husband,
    but I don't remember what his size is.
N: OK. Do you remember what toys they talked about?
    What are they?
M: A truck, a football, and dolls.
N: Now listen and repeat.
F: I don't remember
    I don't remember what
    I don't remember what his size is.
    I don't remember what his size is.
N: Now you hear. . .
M: So, what's your husband's size?
N: And you say. . .
F: I don't remember what his size is.
N: You hear. . .
M:Tell me, where does he shop for his clothes?
    Maybe we could call the store.
N: And you say. . .
F: I don't remember where he shops for his clothes.
N: Ready? Here we go.
M: So, what's your husband's size?
F:  I don't remember what his size is.
M: Tell me, where does he shop for his clothes?
    Maybe we could call the store.
F: I don't remember where he shops for his clothes.
M: How about ties?
    What kind of ties does he wear?
F: I don't remember what kind of ties he wears.
M: I know. Why don't we call him to ask him his size?
    What's his office number?
F: I don't remember what his office number is.
M: How about the name of the company?
    We could look the number up.
    Where does he work?
F: I don't remember where he works.
M: Well, you're having a problem with your memory today,  aren't  you?
    What's your name?
F: I don't remember what my name is.   
N: Now listen and repeat.
F: I don't remember what my name is.
    I don't remember what my name is.   
N: OK, I say, "His."
    And you say. . .
F: I don't remember what his name is.   
N: I say, "Size."
    And you say. . .
F: I don't remember what his size is.
N: OK? Let's go.
    His.
F: I don't remember what his name is.   
N: Size.
F: I don't remember what his size is.
N: Know.
F: I don't know what his size is.
N: Address.
F: I don't know what his address is.
N: Was.
F: I don't know what his address was.
N: Didn't.
F: I didn't know what his address was.
N:This.
F:I didn't know what this address was.
N: Wasn't sure.
F: I wasn't sure what this address was.
N: Lesson.
F: I wasn't sure what this lesson was.
N: When.
F: I wasn't sure when this lesson was.
N: Ends.
M: I wasn't sure when this lesson ends.
N: Well, now you know.
    And, this, Sam, is the end of Lesson Nine.