要将一个文本看透

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老百姓 13:49:08
http://www.sytym.com/bbs/read.php?tid=10966&page=30
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老百姓 13:49:18
对领悟一下
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老百姓 13:49:59
http://www.sytym.com/bbs/read.php?tid=10966&page=31
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老百姓 13:50:10
辅导学员的内容
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一步 13:50:36
英文原版的？我看不懂啊

练习的收获：练习不同外语以后，你会感觉在学英语很简单
你看看下面的英文，里面即使由于一些生词也能直接阅读理解了。这就是难度对比效应吧。

3.2.1 Thoughtful vs spontaneous use of language
l Etiquette and ethics of using native speakers for
conversation practice.
l Importance of the perceived attitudes of
conversation partners.
m Which should come first, formal or informal study?
‘Another thing,’ Carla went on, ‘I feel comfortable with Germans. Sometimes I’ve
been the only non-German in a whole group of Germans, and I don’t feel
intimidated. Of course,’ she said, ‘no one’s ever laughed at me, either - or in Brazil.
We’d just go ahead and do whatever we were doing. And in Sao Paulo we had
maids, and we used to talk, talk, talk all the time!’
‘At least they didn’t laugh unkindly.’
‘No, no! Of course everyone laughs when something’s funny, but you see, nobody
ever said, “Golly, you’re dumb!” or made fun. And that may have helped me.’
‘Even when someone did correct you, you never felt stopped in your tracks.’
‘Or threatened. No. No.’
‘There in Brazil. life was in Portuguese!’
‘Hm! I mean. it really was!’ she replied. ‘I still remember quite a bit after three
years. And if somebody had just sat down with me and said, “You’re doing so-andso
incorrectly. Do it this way” - if they had done that repetitiously - I’d be speaking
correctly today!’
Carla then began to talk about life in her present class. ‘I’m really finding it
difficult,’ she said, ‘because I’m in with people who got high scores on the aptitude
test. And then there’s this one fellow who knows so much English grammar! Most of
the English grammar I know, I’ve picked up in studying other languages! Oh, I did
have a little grammar from the Portuguese teacher I had for a while, but then I’d
50 Success with Foreign Languages
just come into class and close my book, and she’d start saying things to me, and I’d
just close my eyes, and try not to think, and just absorb what I was learning. Come
to think of it, that may be part of my problem now, having to sit down with a
book . . .’
‘It sounds as though the difficulty is that, instead of being able to close your eyes
and just swap sentences back and forth, you’re now being asked to deal with
grammatical concepts. You’re being asked to take things out of their natural
German setting, and pick them up, and look at them.’
‘Yes, and it doesn’t feel very natural to me, to do all this.’
‘Maybe the difficulty is that now you’re having to introduce thinking into what, up
to now, was a simple, natural process.’
Carla laughed. ‘Maybe that’s what it is!’ she mused. ‘Maybe I’ve started thinking!’
Comments
Which language should I use with speakers of the language I am learning? If the
people I’m talking with really need to improve their command of my language more
than I need to improve my command of theirs, then it would be self-indulgent for
me to insist on practicing theirs with them. If my version of their language is so full
of errors that they find it unpleasant to listen to or very difficult to follow, then
continuing to use them as language instructors would be rude. With her maids in
Brazil, Carla felt no such impediments. The maids had no pressing need to learn
English, and talking with her was probably a rest from their regular chores. They
were able to play the role of Gabelentz’, ‘talkative people with a limited range of
ideas,’ and Carla felt free to ‘talk, talk, talk’ with them.
Carla had already done a great deal of ‘acquiring’ of German before she began to
try to ‘learn’ it. She has two beliefs about this. One is that it would have been better
if she had done her ‘learning’ first: ‘If only somebody had just sat down with me
. . ! ’ The other is that she could have done her learning first if she had tried to. That
would have meant starting out like Bert, absorbing features of German outside of
their setting in German life. Was she in fact capable of doing that, I wondered? In
the next segment of her interview we will find reasons to doubt it.
Working with the ideas
1. In working with other languages, how much need have you felt for conscious
knowledge about the grammar of your native language?
2. Have you had any experiences in which you were uncertain which language to
use with someone? How did you make your choice?

有生词也能理解的训练

看这句话的意思：Ease in reading a word does not follow automatically from ease in understanding it in speech. 这句话是什么意思呢？
   但从字面理解还简单、容易，就是：卡拉感觉阅读一个单词是容易的，但是她没有自动理解说话中的内容，也就是说卡拉感觉自己平时说话的内容是很简单的，但是一到了这些说过的内容在文本上阅读就不容易了，她往往不能连续的看下去，感觉阅读很费力，一个是速度很慢，关键的还是阅读起来很痛苦，不愿意阅读下去，也无法坚持阅读下去，阅读很疲劳，怎么自己平时说的话到了文本上反而看不懂了呢？
   世界上卡拉这是一个很大的问题啊！我们可能很多人都都以为自己的阅读能力比较强，就是口语能力比较差，实际上真正阅读能很强大人也并不多，你能面对很多生词自然理解吗，你有没有卡拉那样的体验，一看英文文章很简单，但是阅读不了几页就不想继续下去了的感觉，你很疲劳，很困，老想睡觉，两眼老是打架看不下去了。现在没有，过去你也可能就有这样的体验。英语没有，你看其他外语一定会有这样的体验。看上面的一句话的引申意思，从作者介绍的卡拉的情况联系到了后面的卡拉的文本内容，联系到了已经阅读过卡拉的问题，联系到了自己的问题，这样你就是理解了真实的作者的句子的意思。你就会受到很大胆触动，浮想联翩。想象思维活跃起来，一幕幕情景浮现在你的眼前，无论是说英语的口语，还是写汉语的句子，你就会。。。
    这就是英语思维啊，你这的理解了，你完全可以自己意译下来句子的真实意思，就是你不是简单地理解了作者的一个句子的书面意思，而是理解了作者的思想内涵，你不是简单的形象思维，你还可以就事论事进行抽象思维。也就是你看着文章可以写出自己的思想，抄写出来的作者的思想内涵隐藏的部分的内容。深深的隐隐约约的，作者自己还没有体验的东西。也就是只要作者说了，哪位学员可以做到什么能力，他并没有告诉你具体的方法，你就有了具体的方法来实现，而且不是一个实现途径，你可以想象出来很多方法，很多不同层次的方法，即使看到卡拉不能做到的事情，你也可以从反面自己主动做到，出来自己破解卡拉不能做到的原因，和具体的方法，这才是真正的意译的意思。你可以做到字面单词的一对一翻译，你可以做到字面单词读音的自然理解到每个字母读音的汉语意思的细节，你可以做到句子的语音直接理解，你可以做到句子的音译，你可以做到理解作者的原来说的意思，你可以理解作者的隐身意思，你可以上下文联系起来理解记忆，你可以理解出来自己的深刻的感受，出来自己的经历和经验，你可以自己复述出来句子，无论是用汉语日记帖子的方法写下自己的思维过程，还是用理解句子的英语写下或者口语复述出来的句子文章的内容。
   这样的理解才是真正的理解。你已经穿越了翻译与不翻译的两个不同的境界！

从里到外自然消化吸收

这几天辅导学员直接音译50种外语，看到学员有一定难度，但是不要着急，一步到位对于任何外语达到我这样地看着任何外语的文本看出注音的语音，看着语音看出汉语的意思，也就是音译和直译还是需要一定的过程，但是你会体会到任何外语都是汉语的方言，外语的读音本身就是汉语读音的方言的意思这一点就可以了。你以后的练习，就会理解或者领悟主动的听外语听出汉语的读音来的方法和意义了。
   练习完一遍各种外语文本的直译，再来学习英语文章，你会感觉容易的多。你会真正体会到什么是直接获得阅读任何外语文本的意思究竟是怎么回事？你会不论任何生词看到就会自动理解，渗透到具体一个单词的每个字母的读音意思，这样你将一个生词就领悟出来了，对于单词的变化就理解了细微的差异，你就会在遇到生词的障碍的时候，自动分拆语音理解记忆句子了，你看一个句子只要眼睛凝视盯紧了有哪些短语组成，句子就会烙印在你的大脑里面，你就会做到从整体到一般，也就是从上到下方式，从一般到整体，也就是从具体的一个单词的每个读音到一篇文章，完全消化吸收，看完一篇文章，细节理解已经精确到了每个单词的字母的意思，记忆读音和拼写到字母的变化，同时又能将整篇文章的内在含义相互联系起来，形成整体领悟，从一个句子领悟到整段文章的内在关系。也就是卡拉的自然获得能力你已经具备了，但是卡拉的缺陷你已经完全消除了，你就会一个人同时具备安的语音能力，超越安达到语音直译的能力，学会伯特记忆文本能力，超越伯特达到直接获得意思的能力，学会卡拉获得能力，克服卡拉的不足之处，三者合一，任何语言第一次学习就意味着这个第一次学习的外语属于全部都是生词的外语，零基础的外语你也可以做到看完以后自然消化吸收，理解记忆，这是一个了不起的飞跃。它会引起你的一些列变化。
   你不会再停留在卡拉的能力上了：Ease in reading a word does not follow automatically from ease in understanding it in speech.

对你学习英语的汉语直译能力很重要
望文生义的理解不行

一个句子如果你真正理解了，你的理解必须和原文表达的真实意思一致。也就是说，你无论采用怎样的表达，用任何语言再说一遍，你和作者的真实意思都没有冲突，你可以这样说，你也可以那样说，但是你说的都是正确的，而不是停留在猜测的、没有把握的理解上。只看到字面意思的每个单词，我知道这个单词，这样不行，你要知道这个单词的表达的真实意思，你不能望而生义。
    ‘Taking things out of context and comparing - you have trouble with things like that?’ I asked. 这个句子就是说卡拉在阅读的时候望文生义，你在阅读的时候可能也有过这样的感觉：就是看到每个单词都理解，就是卡拉那样我知道这个单词！知道什么呢，无非是卡拉自己说过，或者她听过别人说过这个单词，恍然大悟，原来是这个单词了，她通过语音或想出来的原来对话中的语音，第一次将口语的单词和阅读的单词对上号了，所以她自己看看不懂，别人读一遍她就能听懂。这句话的意思是：告诉一些事情，离开了内容和上下文的对比和联系，这就是看到单词的意思就是只停留在字面意思上，没有真正地理解。这正是卡拉存在的问题，就像那个说话离开了文本的内容，而这时脱节的，就像那个问题，就是自己的烦恼。
    不然，如果你不能上下文的内容联系起来进行比较，你看到这个句子：‘Really, I do!’含简单的短语，你不知道所以然。
    Carla replied. ‘And,’ she added, ‘I’ve never read, for example. And now for me to sit down and read is quite uncomfortable. Well, I’m beginning to feel a little more comfortable,’ she said. ‘But I don’t visualize. For example, I know what pliitzlich is. We use it all the time. And yet I see the word spelled in the book, and I have no connection between what I see on paper and the word I can understand when it’s spoken. It was the same in Portuguese. I’d look at something and not understand it, and I’d say “Would you please read it to me?“’  
     而接下来的句子，你阅读就不会有理解的障碍了，你会感觉每个句子都是那样简单实用，你喜欢这样的句子，你如果让上面的句子被卡壳了，可能后面的简单句子就看不下去了。你要在理解上面的句子中已经具有很强的联想思维，大脑浮想联翩想出很多的情景图像，你看后面的内容的时候，只是验证一下自己理解的是对的而已，这样上下文看到的文本和自己会说的句子理解联系起来，就没有了语言障碍。没有口语说话的障碍，也没有阅读的障碍，同时你每个句子看进文本的字母读音上，也就是你的眼睛可以压码注音，一看句子就记住了语音的细节变音，一看句子就用眼睛记住了文本的写法，连续不停地用眼睛压码抄写下来了。你就不会像卡拉那样看到文本不能理解，不能记忆，需要别人朗读出来声音才能理解句子。这样即使可以做到直接获得理解口语，也是不行的。
    我们的外语直译练习，通过一个汉语句子，翻译成任何外语的文本句子，看着任意一种外语的句子的文本，看出读音的语音注音字母，这样就是确定了汉语读音汉字的个数，就确定了汉语的方言的读音，从而理解了外语的汉语的意思，这就是外语的语音直译，就从根本上解决了其他外语的获得问题。
   这才从我们学会了作者没有在字面意思中表达而隐含的意思和隐含的方法了，也就是作者不会的方法，你也可以根据他的问题从反面学会了自己的解决方法，这才是最重要的！
   她的葡萄牙语是学的最好的，但是不行的是阅读葡萄牙语文本，我们也可以阅读自己不会的葡萄牙语文本。不但葡萄牙语阅读理解可以，而且她会的德语也可以阅读理解，不单她会的两个外语可以，她会的日语和韩语也可以，不单她会的4种外语可以，法语、德语、西班牙语、葡萄牙语，作者说过的丹麦语、希瓦西里语、瑞典语我们也会阅读理解，没有说过的其他语言也可以，就是说她能获得一个语言的口语，不能获得阅读，我们可以获得阅读理解，她能获得一种语言，我们可以获得任何的语言，这才是你真正地学会了习得到获得语言。向老师学习的好学生，叫做“青出于蓝而胜于蓝”，举一反三、触类旁通，就是这个道理。作者会的你要学会，作者不会的你也要学会，作者可以用一种方法实现，你可以用若干方法实现，作者在一个单词进行举例，你就可以扩大到一种方法来实现，你可以采用同样的方法制作任意语言的范例。
   这才是最深层次的理解。如果你是这样的学生，老师会不喜欢你吗？

英文文章直译的范例：

‘Really, I do!’ Carla replied. ‘And,’ she added, ‘I’ve never read, for example. And now for me to sit down and read is quite uncomfortable. Well, I’m beginning to feel a little more comfortable,’ she said. ‘But I don’t visualize. For example, I know what pliitzlich is. We use it all the time. And yet 1 see the word spelled in the book, and I have no connection between what I see on paper and the word I can understand when it’s spoken. It was the same in Portuguese. I’d look at something and not understand it, and I’d say “Would you please read it to me?“