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杰克?韦尔奇的把戏

级别: 管理员
Jack's Magic

JACK WELCH, GENERAL ELECTRIC'S DEMANDING former chief executive, delighted in setting the bar high. When he stepped down a few days before Sept. 11, 2001, he left his successor, Jeffrey Immelt, the challenge of matching a remarkable string of years of strong profit growth.

What was most remarkable about those years, however, wasn't apparent to anyone outside the company until recently. The bar might have been set artificially high.

During the last five years of the Welch era, ended in 2001, GE's reported earnings jumped from 72 cents a share to $1.37, a rise of 65 cents a share, or 90.2% -- spectacular for a behemoth like GE. But without a massive under-reserving at its reinsurance unit, the company would have shown a cumulative earnings gain of just four cents, or 5.6%.


Ex-boss Welch, top, left current CEO Immelt with a big mess to clean up.


The under-reserving is expected to be completely corrected early next year, clearing the way for the unit's sale to Swiss Re. By the time that occurs, General Electric (ticker: GE) will have pumped in $9.4 billion in pretax dollars since 2001 to raise the reserves to an adequate level. When taxes are taken into consideration, the tab will come to $6.1 billion, or about 61 cents a share. And 61 cents would have all but torched the 65 cents of earnings gains in Welch's last five years.

Welch, whom Fortune crowned Manager of the Century in 1999, declined to speak with Barron's for this article. But certainly, the under-reserving boosted GE's earnings -- and Welch's reputation -- during the gun lap of his career. Immelt, forced to boost the reserves by billions over the past few years, has paid a heavy price in lackluster earnings growth.

In the Welch era, the reinsurance unit was known as Employers Reinsurance; later, it was renamed GE Insurance Solutions. Swiss Re announced last month that it is buying the bulk of Insurance Solutions for $6.8 billion in cash and stock. In a conference call, Swiss Re officials described both the $6 billion in reserve hits that GE had taken since 2001 and the additional $3.4 billion GE had agreed to add to finalize the transaction.


Swiss Re's Jacques Aigrain said the needed additions were "more or less entirely related to pre-2001 years, in both what they have done during the last few years [the $6 billion] and what we are asking them to do [adding $3.4 billion]...During the late 'Nineties, they had indeed gone into relatively large amounts of underwriting in business lines, which have been unpleasantly developing. Those include the traditional mix of some workers' comp, the developments related to various financial institutions and pharmaceuticals type of activities, and a variety of other accident-related activities."

Reserving includes an important time dimension. When a policy is issued, most of the first year's premium goes into reserves, because, for companies that reinsure "long-tail" policies like ERC, most claims probably won't show up for years. Such insurers provide coverage for risks -- such as those stemming from workers' exposure to potentially harmful substances like asbestos -- that are long-term. On the income statements of these companies, annual reserve provisions are by far the largest expense items. As they accumulate on the balance sheet, they dwarf other liabilities. Calculating proper reserves is tough; estimates hinge on shifting factors, such as the frequency and force of hurricanes.

Under-reserving temporarily can pump up earnings. But, eventually, sometimes years later, the piper must be paid. Calculating adequate reserves, as Warren Buffett once put it, is a self-graded exam.

GE officials contend that much of ERC's under-reserving was a result of industry-wide overcapacity and resultant cutthroat competition that led to under-pricing. They say a surge in big damage awards by juries and changing legal and regulatory definitions of liability played hob with estimates of proper reserves. "What you see in hindsight is the inherent volatility in reinsurance, and that's why we're exiting the business," says GE spokesman Russell Wilkerson. "GE leaders made thousands of business decisions in the late 'Nineties, and focusing on one business in isolation doesn't reflect the fact that the overall outcome of those decisions has been extremely positive for investors."
杰克?韦尔奇的把戏

通用电气公司(General Electric Co.)前任首席执行长杰克?韦尔奇(Jack Welch)很满意自己达到了一个令人难以逾越的高度。他在2001年911事件几天前卸任时,继任者杰夫?伊梅尔特(Jeffrey Immelt)所面临的是连续几年利润强劲增长的巨大挑战。

不过,那些光辉岁月里真正不同寻常的事情直到最近才为外人所知,那就是韦尔奇设定的这个高度并不真实。

在韦尔奇任职的最后五年,通用电气的报告收益从每股0.72美元攀升至1.37美元,每股增长0.65美元之多,增幅达90.2%──对于像它这样的庞然大物来讲这是令人震惊的。不过如果不是旗下再保险公司的准备金严重不足,公司累积收益增长则只有4美分,增幅5.6%。

明年年初,准备金不足的情况有望完全得到解决,这为该子公司售予瑞士再保险公司(Swiss Re)扫清了障碍。到那时,为了将准备金提高到适当的水平,自2001年起通用电气的税前注资额将达到94亿美元,税后的注资额将达到61亿美元,相当于每股0.61美元。这几乎令韦尔奇最后五年创造的0.65美元的每股盈利化为乌有。

在1999年荣获《财富》(Fortune)“世纪经理人”殊荣的韦尔奇拒绝了《巴伦周刊》就此事的采访。不过可以肯定的是,在韦尔奇事业的最后阶段,准备金不足提振了通用电气的收益──以及韦尔奇的声誉,而被迫在过去几年增加准备金的伊梅尔特则付出了沉重的代价──公司的收益增长缓慢。

在韦尔奇时代,通用电气的再保险业务称作Employers Reinsurance,后来改为GE Insurance Solutions。瑞士再保险上月宣布以68亿美元的现金和股票收购其大部分业务。在一次电话会议上,瑞士再保险的管理人士解释了通用电气同意支付94亿美元的具体情况:其中包括通用电气自2001年开始划拨的准备金60亿美元,以及它为达成交易追加的另外34亿美元。

瑞士再保险的雅克?艾格兰(Jacques Aigrain)表示,追加部分“差不多都和2001年以前有关系,包括过去几年他们划拨出来的(60亿美元)以及我们要求他们支付的(追加34亿美元)……上世纪90年代末,通用电气曾获得了大量的保单,不过此后发展并不顺利。其再保险业务包括传统的员工福利,对各类金融机构的保险、医疗保险和各种意外险。”

保险准备金的时限很关键。当一份保单签发后,第一年的大部分保费将计入准备金,因为对于那些再保险长期保单的公司──如GE旗下的安裕再保险(ERC),多数索赔可能要在几年后才出现。这类保险公司的产品针对的是长期风险──比如工人接触有害的石棉等物质的风险。在这类公司的损益表上,每年的准备金是最大的一笔费用。随著资产负债表上这类费用的累积,其他负债便显得微不足道了。计算合适的准备金是个复杂的工作,依据的是些多变的因素,比如飓风的频繁程度和强度。

准备金不足能够暂时提高收益数字,但是几年之后最终要补上这个漏洞。正如沃伦?巴菲特(Warren Buffett)所说,计算合适的准备金是一门自己评判的考试。

通用电气的管理人士争辩说,安裕再保险准备金不足的主要原因是由于保险业整体供大于求,激烈的竞争导致准备金被低估。他们还表示,法院判定的大额损害赔偿金急剧增加、对负债法规定义的不断变化都令合适的准备金数量难以确定。通用电气的发言人拉塞尔?威尔克森(Russell Wilkerson)说,“你们事后会发现再保险业务自身具有的那种不确定性,这正是我们要退出这个行业的原因”。他表示,通用电气的领导者在上世纪90年代末作出了成千上万的商业决定,单单关注其中一点不能反映现实,因为从整体来看,这些决定为投资者带来了极大的回报。

准备金不足的确是当时全行业的普遍现象。但ERC的准备金不足的程度还是令人叹为观止。它是对风险浑然不觉,还是在韦尔奇殷殷期待的两位数收益增幅的压力下迫不得已而为之?这当中有没有什么违法行为?没人知道。

截至2001年年底时,ERC的财产和意外险储备净值是123亿美元。最终需要额外增加的94亿美元意味著韦尔奇将权杖交给伊梅尔特的时候,储备净值应该比当时的实际水平高出76%。让我们比较一下ERC与规模更大的竞争对手、巴菲特旗下Berkshire Hathaway拥有的Gen Re储备不足的情况。九十年代末期,Gen Re也陷入了业务发展危机。从2001年至今,该公司一共计提了19亿美元的储备金支出,巴菲特在Berkshire Hathaway 2004年年报中遗憾地表示,这些支出大都与“灾害频发的1997-2000年”有关。Berkshire Hathaway是1998年收购Gen Re的。但是,与Gen Re在1998年年底时的储备金净值136亿美元相比,这19亿美元也只不过是增加了19%。与ERC的76%简直不可同日而语。

ERC一直是通用金融(GE Capital)的一部分。作为一个金融服务子公司,通用金融的业务从设备租赁、消费者保险到商业融资等,无所不包。在韦尔奇的领导下,通用金融年复一年地实现著两位数的业绩增长,无论金融市场大环境如何,通用金融的表现始终如一。在九十年代的巅峰时刻,通用金融的利润占到整个通用电气利润总额的45%。

在一些观察家看来,在那些辉煌年代,通用金融多多少少就像一只黑箱。在八十年代末至九十年代初商业房地产市场分崩离析的时候,通用金融却毫发无伤,虽说也不得不处置了几项产业。其一度庞大无比的杠杆收购贷款组合业务的命运也与之类似。2000年大型零售企业Montgomery Ward的破产也没有给通用金融的业绩带来丝毫影响,虽然通用金融向它提供的贷款数以亿计。此外,作为主要的飞机租赁企业,通用金融竟然平安度过了横扫整个航空业的大危机。通用金融旗下的保险和证券投资组合带来的一次性资本利得似乎总能在一个个低迷暗淡的季度力挽狂澜。

跟踪分析通用电气股票的分析师们大都是制造业专家,他们通用金融没有深入钻研,尽管它是通用电气最重要的利润来源。因为它超出了他们的专业范围。

值得赞扬的是,伊梅尔特似乎多少控制住了通用金融大刀阔斧但失之粗犷的作风。他也一直在重新改造通用金融,先后剥离了通用金融的几项保险业务(包括债券发行机构FIGIC)、日本人寿保险业务、美国汽车保险业务,还大幅削减了在抵押担保和人寿保险机构Genworth的权益。将Insurance Solutions出售之后,通用电气基本退出高风险的再保险市场。伊梅尔特还提高通用金融的业务透明度,将其划分为几个需分别向上汇报的子公司。

伊梅尔特走马上任之际,通用电气周遭一片惨淡:全球经济滑坡、911的巨额索赔、塑料市场利润率暴跌、电力系统需求锐减,飞机业务也进入下跌周期。除了应对这些棘手的难题之外,伊梅尔特还将大笔现金拨给Insurance Solutions充实储备金,并动手重组通用金融。2002、2003和2004三个财政年度,通用电气的利润增幅分别只有2.9%、7.1%和6.6%──这样的数字韦尔奇必会嗤之以鼻。但通用电气似乎多少恢复了一些元气。

今年,通用电气每股收益有望达到1.72美元,较2004财年增加6.8%。但伊梅尔特对2006财年的展望是持续经营业务收益增长12%-17%,也就是每股收益1.92-2.02美元(华尔街分析师的普遍预期是1.98美元)。2006财年的业绩预期已经将Genworth和Insurance Solutions作为中止经营业务排除在外。

对于正在演讲、作顾问和写作生活中打发退休时光的韦尔奇来说,保险储备金不足的事实被披露是在之前几次不愉快的曝光事件之后对他的又一打击。

最先到来的是他与第二任妻子简?韦尔奇(Jane Welch)的离婚大战了。简当时无法容忍韦尔奇与现任妻子、时任《哈佛商业评论》(Harvard Business Review)编辑的苏西?魏洛佛(Suzy Wetlaufer)的婚外恋而愤然离婚。但是,离婚协议却将韦尔奇在九十年代中期与通用电气签署的一份相当优厚的退休协议公之于众,根据协议,他能享受种种有生之年一直有效的待遇:包括免费使用纽约的一套8万美元月租金的公寓、免费使用公司的波音737专机、外出就餐费用由公司报销、各种体育比赛都可享用通用电气预定的座位、由公司支付某乡村俱乐部的会费,还有保安费。

韦尔奇很快中止了这份合同。对于一位因执掌公司而登上福布斯2001年度美国400富豪排行榜的人来说,这份协议未免有些太过份了。这份合同的净估值高达6.8亿美元,部分得益于韦尔奇掌权最后几年通用电气股价的优异表现。

虽说如此,韦尔奇仍然是美国企业界的一个神话般的人物。当年,一位分析师充满敬意地称他就像“快乐的杰克”(Jumpin' Jack Flash),即使是现在,他的领导才能、在管理上的敏锐洞察力和明星般的感召力仍让华尔街为之倾倒。但是,和很多明星一样,他的声望不仅来自于经常抛头露面,也是基于他的业绩。而如果没有ERC这颗硕大的烟雾弹,通用电气1997-2001年的业绩就远没有那么光彩照人了。

不过,韦尔奇可能仍将是一位传奇人物,虽然现在看来“传说”的色彩更浓些。
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