1. Vigorous: A vigorous person does things with great energy and enthusiasm. A vigorous campaign or activity is done with great energy and enthusiasm. Sir Robert was a strong and vigorous politician. ...the most vigorous critics of the government... They will take vigorous action to recover the debts. ...a vigorous campaign by local Communists. Vigorously: The police vigorously denied that excessive force had been used.
2. Vigorous: A vigorous person is strong and healthy and full of energy. He was a vigorous, handsome young man.
3. Excessive: If you describe the amount or level of something as excessive, you disapprove of it because it is more or higher than is necessary or reasonable. ...the alleged use of excessive force by police... The government says that local authority spending is excessive.
4. Excessively: Managers are also accused of paying themselves excessively high salaries. Mum had started taking pills and drinking excessively.
5. Accused: You can use the accused to refer to a person or a group of people charged with a crime or on trial for it. (LEGAL) The accused is alleged to be a member of a right-wing gang. The fifteen accused, young men from different parts of England, denied the charges.
6. Alleged: An alleged fact has been stated but has not been proved to be true. (FORMAL) They have begun a hunger strike in protest at the alleged beating. ...a list of alleged war criminals. His van allegedly struck the two as they were crossing a street.
7. Van: A van is a small or medium-sized road vehicle with one row of seats and a space for carrying goods behind.
8. Van: A van is a railway carriage, often without windows, which is used to carry luggage, goods, or mail. (BRIT; in AM use baggage car or boxcar) In the guard's van lay my tin trunk.
9. Luggage: Luggage is the suitcases and bags that you take with you when travel. Leave your luggage in the hotel. Each passenger was allowed two 30-kg pieces of luggage.
10. Beating: If someone is given a beating, they are hit hard many times, especially with something such as a stick. ...the savage beating of a black motorist by white police officers... The team secured pictures of prisoners showing signs of severe beatings.
11. Beating: If something such as a business, a political party, or a team takes a beating, it is defeated by a large amount in a competition or election. Our firm has taken a terrible beating in recent years.
12. Beating: If you say that something will take some beating, you mean that it is very good and it is unlikely that anything better will be done or made. (INFORMAL) For sheer scale and grandeur, Leeds Castle in Kent takes some beating.
13. Grandeur: If something such as a building or a piece of scenery has grandeur, it is impressive because of its size, its beauty, or its power. Venezuela is the ideal starting point to explore the grandeur and natural beauty of South America. Only inside do you appreciate the church's true grandeur.
14. Grandeur: Someone's grandeur is the great importance and social status that they have, or think they have. He is wholly concerned with his own grandeur.
15. Wholly: You use wholly to emphasize the extent or degree to which something is the case. While the two are only days apart in age they seem to belong to wholly different generations. For urban areas this approach was wholly inadequate. The accusation is wholly without foundation.
16. Accusation: If you make an accusation against someone, you criticize them or express the belief that they have done something wrong. Kim rejects accusations that Country music is over-sentimental. Another accusation leveled at the Minister is that he does not understand ordinary people. She was surprised that he had no words of blame or accusation for her.
17. Accusation: An accusation is a statement or claim by a witness or someone in authority that a particular person has committed a crime, although this has not yet been proved. ...people who have made public accusations of rape... The government denied the accusation that it was involved in the murders.
18. Rape: If someone is raped, they are forced to have sex, usually by violence or threats of violence. A young woman was brutally raped in her own home. They’d held him down and raped him.
19. Rape: Rape is the crime of forcing someone to have sex. Her party opposes abortion, except in cases of rape or incest. Almost ninety per cent of all rapes and violent assaults went unreported.
20. Rape: The rape of an area or of a country is the destruction or spoiling of it. (LITERARY) As a result of the rape of the forests, parts of the country are now short of water.
21. Spoil: If you spoil something, you prevent it from being successful or satisfactory. It's important not to let mistakes spoil your life. Peaceful summer evenings can be spoilt by mosquitoes. American English uses the form spoiled as the past tense and past participle. British English uses either spoiled or spoilt.
22. Spoil: If you spoil children, you give them everything they want or ask for. This is considered to have a bad effect on a child's character. Grandparents are often tempted to spoil their grandchildren whenever they come to visit. American English uses the form spoiled as the past tense and past participle. British English uses either spoiled or spoilt. A spoilt child is rarely popular with other children. Oh, that child. He's so spoiled.
23. Spoil: If you spoil yourself or spoil another person, you give yourself or them something nice as a treat or do something special for them. Spoil yourself with a new perfume this summer. Perhaps I could employ someone to iron his shirts, but I wanted to spoil him. He was my man. American English uses the form spoiled as the past tense and past participle. British English uses either spoiled or spoilt.
24. Spoil: If food spoils or if it is spoilt, it is no longer fit to be eaten. We all know that fats spoil by becoming rancid. Some organisms are responsible for spoiling food and cause food poisoning. Some of my apples were spoilt last year by grubs inside the fruit. ...the potential health problems from spoiled food. American English uses the form spoiled as the past tense and past participle. British English uses either spoiled or spoilt.
25. Spoil: If someone spoils their vote, they write something illegal on their voting paper, usually as a protest about the election, and their vote is not accepted. (BRIT) They had broadcast calls for voters to spoil their ballot papers. The results showed that 7.2% of the voters cast blank or spoiled ballots. American English uses the form spoiled as the past tense and past participle. British English uses either spoiled or spoilt. Spoil the spoils of something are things that people get as a result of winning a battle or of doing something successfully. True to military tradition, the victors are now treating themselves to the spoils of war. Competing warlords and foreign powers scrambled for political spoils.
26. Spoil: If you say that someone is spoilt for choice or spoiled for choice, you mean that they have a great many things of the same type to choose from. At lunchtime, MPs are spoilt for choice in 26 restaurants and bars, each providing subsidized food.
27. Subsidized: If a government or other authority subsidizes something, they pay part of the cost of it. Around the world, governments have subsidized the housing of middle and upper-income groups. At the moment they are existing on pensions that are subsidised by the government. (BRIT) also subsidise subsidized...Heavily subsidized prices for housing, bread, and meat. Subsidizing...the subsidising of London's transport. Subsidization ...the federal government's subsidisation of poorer parts of the country.
28. Subsidize: if a government subsidizes an industry, they provide money so that the industry can continue. The government continues to subsidize the production of eggs and beef. ...a government decision to subsidise coal mining. Scotland's subsidised theatre....the subsidization of Japanese agriculture.
29. Theatre: A theatre is a building with a stage in it, on which plays, shows, and other performances take place. If we went to the theatre it was a very big event. I worked at the Grand Theatre.
30. Theatre: You can refer to work in the theatre such as acting or writing plays as the theatre. You can move up to work in films and the theatre. Very soon he took the first steps towards a career in the theatre.
31. Theatre: Theatre is entertainment that involves the performance of plays. Companies across the country are beginning to show a healthy interest in theatre for children.
32. Theatre: A theater or a movie theater is a place where people go to watch films for entertainment. (AM; in BRIT use cinema)
33. Theatre: In a hospital, a theatre is a special room where surgeons carry out medical operations. She is back from theatre and her condition is comfortable.
34. Theatre: A theatre of war or other conflict is the area or region in which the war or conflict is happening. The Middle East has often been a theatre of war.
35. Surgeon: A surgeon is a doctor who is specially trained to perform surgery. ...a heart surgeon.
36. Surgery: Surgery is medical treatment in which someone's body is cut open so that a doctor can repair, remove, or replace a diseased or damaged part. His father has just recovered from heart surgery. Mr. Clark underwent five hours of emergency surgery. See also keyhole surgery, plastic surgery.
37. Surgery: A surgery is the room or house where a doctor or dentist works. (BRIT; in AM use doctor's office or dentist's office) Bill was in the doctor's surgery demanding to know what was wrong with him.
38. Surgery: A doctor's surgery is the period of time each day when a doctor sees patients at his or her surgery. (BRIT; in AM use office hours) His surgery always ends at eleven.
39. Surgery: In Britain, when someone such as an MP or a local councillor holds a surgery, they go to an office where members of the public can come and talk to them about problems or issues that concern them.
40. Surgery: A surgery is the room in a hospital where surgeons operate on their patients. (AM; in BRIT use theatre or operating theatre)
41. Councillor: A councillor is a member of a local council. ...the first black New York City councillor, Benjamin Davis Jr. ...Councillor Michael Poulter.
42. Demand: If you demand something such as information or action, you ask for it in a very forceful way. Mr. Byers last night demanded an immediate explanation from the Education Secretary. Russia demanded that Unita send a delegation to the peace talks. The hijackers are demanding to speak to representatives of both governments. `What did you expect me to do about it?' she demanded.
43. Demand: If one thing demands another, the first needs the second in order to happen or be dealt with successfully. He said the task of reconstruction would demand much patience, hard work and sacrifice. There would be fewer international crises demanding his attention. But he could also turn on the style when the occasion demanded. = require
44. Demand: A demand is a firm request for something. There have been demands for services from tenants up there. They consistently rejected the demand to remove US troops. He grew ever fiercer in his demands.
45. Demand: If you refer to demand, or to the demand for something, you are referring to how many people want to have it, do it, or buy it. Another flight would be arranged on Saturday if sufficient demand arose. Demand for coal is down and so are prices. The demand to see her work is much greater than expected. Because of the slump in domestic demand, production has stopped. = call * supply
46. Demand: The demands of something or its demands on you are the things which it needs or the things which you have to do for it. Researchers wrongly assumed that people were quite clear about the demands of the task. ...the demands and challenges of a new job... There were too many other demands on his loyalty now.= requirements
47. Demand: If someone or something is in demand or in great demand, they are very popular and a lot of people want them. He was much in demand as a lecturer in the US, as well as at universities all over Europe. = sought after
48. Demand: If someone or something makes demands on you, they require you to do things which need a lot of time, energy, or money. I had no right to make demands on his time.
49. Demand: If something is available or happens on demand, you can have it or it happens whenever you want it or ask for it. ...a national commitment to providing treatment on demand for drug abusers.
50. Undergo: If you undergo something necessary or unpleasant, it happens to you. New recruits have been undergoing training in recent weeks. He underwent an agonizing 48-hour wait for the results of tests.
51. Agonizing: Something that is agonizing causes you to feel great physical or mental pain. He did not wish to die the agonizing death of his mother and brother. In the heat of Rome, the wait was agonizing. Agonizingly: Progress was agonizingly slow.
52. Agonizing: agonizing decisions and choices are very difficult to make. He now faced an agonizing decision about his immediate future.
53. Recruit: If you recruit people for an organization, you select them and persuade them to join it or work for it. The police are trying to recruit more black and Asian officers. She set up her stand to recruit students to the Anarchist Association. He helped to recruit volunteers to go to Pakistan to fight. Recruiter: --a Marine recruiter. Recruiting: A bomb exploded at an army recruiting office.
54. Recruit: A recruit is a person who has recently joined an organization or an army.
55. Anarchist: An anarchist is a person who believes in anarchism. West Berlin always had a large anarchist community....a well-known anarchist poet.
56. Anarchist: If someone has anarchist beliefs or views, they believe in anarchism. He was apparently quite converted from his anarchist views.
57. Anarchist: If you say that someone is an anarchist, you disapprove of them because they seem to pay no attention to the rules or laws that everyone else obeys. He was a social anarchist.
58. Obey: If you obey a person, a command, or an instruction, you do what you are told to do. Cissie obeyed her mother without question. Most people obey the law. It was still Baker's duty to obey.
59. Command: If someone in authority commands you to do something, they tell you that you must do it. (mainly WRITTEN) He commanded his troops to attack. `Get in your car and follow me,' he commanded. He commanded that roads be built to link castles across the land. `Don't panic,' I commanded myself. = instruct, order. The tanker failed to respond to a command to stop. I closed my eyes at his command. ...the note of command in his voice. instruction
60. Command: If you command something such as respect or obedience, you obtain it because you are popular, famous, or important. ...an excellent physician who commanded the respect of all his colleagues... There is no limit to what can be achieved here because of the fantastic support we command.
61. Command: If an army or country commands a place, they have total control over it. The Royal Navy would command the seas. Yemen commands the strait at the southern end of the Red Sea. = rule...The struggle for command of the air.
62. Command: An officer who commands part of an army, navy, or air force is responsible for controlling and organizing it....the French general who commands the UN troops in the region... He didn't just command. He personally fought in several heavy battles....a small garrison under the command of Major James Craig... In 1942 he took command of 108 Squadron. = charge
63. Command: in the armed forces, a command is a group of officers who are responsible for organizing and controlling part of an army, navy, or air force. He had authorization from the military command to retaliate. The army's supreme command has said the army will withdraw, provided the other side does so also.
64. Command: in the armed forces, a command is a group of soldiers that a particular officer is in charge of. There would continue to be a joint command of US and Saudi forces operating within Saudi borders. ...the Strategic Air Command.
65. Command: in computing, a command is an instruction that you give to a computer.
66. Command: If someone has command of a situation, they have control of it because they have, or seem to have, power or authority. Whoever was waiting for them there had command of the situation. Mr. Baker would take command of the campaign. In times of currency crisis interest rates can raised as a sign that a government is in command.
67. Command: Your command of something, such as a foreign language, is your knowledge of it and your ability to use this knowledge. His command of English was excellent....a singer with a natural command of melody. = grasp
68. Command: If a place commands a view, especially an impressive one, you can see the view clearly from that place. If a person commands a view of something, they can see it clearly from where they are. (FORMAL)The house commanded some splendid views of Delaware Bay....a point of rock, from which we could command a view of the loch.
69. Command: If you have a particular skill or particular resources at your command, you have them and can use them fully. (FORMAL) He came from the Sudan without a word of English at his command. The country should have the right to defend itself with all legal means at its command.
70. Command: If you are in command or in command of yourself, you are relaxed and able to react and behave in the way that you want to. Nixon looked comfortable and in command. The man appeared to be in complete command of him.
71. Loch: A loch is a large area of water in Scotland that is completely or almost completely surrounded by land. ...twenty miles north of Loch Ness.
72. Splendid: If you say that something is splendid, you mean that it is very good. The book includes a wealth of splendid photographs. Our house has got a splendid view across towards the Cotswolds. I found him to be splendid company during the hour of our acquaintance.= marvellous splendidly: I have heard him tell people that we get along splendidly.
73. Splendid: If you describe a building or work of art as splendid, you mean that it is beautiful, impressive, and extremely well made....a splendid Victorian mansion.= magnificent splendidly: The young women are splendidly dressed, some in floor-length ball gowns. Its historic buildings are being slowly and splendidly renovated. ...this splendidly readable and robust autobiography. = magnificently
74. Splendid: You can say `splendid' in a conversation to indicate that you approve of a particular situation or something that someone has said. `I was thinking I might do a lemon cream sauce and baked potatoes.' `Splendid!' Midge applauded. = super, great
75. Applaud: When a group of people applaud, they clap their hands in order to show approval, for example when they have enjoyed a play or concert. The audience laughed and applauded. Every person stood to applaud his unforgettable act of courage.
76. Applaud: When an attitude or action is applauded, people praise it. He should be applauded for his courage. This last move can only be applauded. She applauds the fact that they are promoting new ideas.
77. Promote: If people promote something, they help or encourage it to happen, increase, or spread. You don't have to sacrifice environmental protection to promote economic growth. In many ways, our society actively promotes alcoholism.= encourage * discourage promotion: The government has pledged to give the promotion of democracy higher priority. ...disease prevention and health promotion.
78. Promote: If a firm promotes a product, it tries to increase the sales or popularity of that product. Paul Weller has announced a full British tour to promote his second solo album. ...a special St Lucia week where the island could be promoted as a tourist destination.
79. Promote: If someone is promoted, they are given a more important job or rank in the organization that they work for. I was promoted to editor and then editorial director. In fact, those people have been promoted.
80. Promote: If a team that competes in a league is promoted, it starts competing in a higher division in the next season because it was one of the most successful teams in the lower division. (BRIT) Woodford Green won the Second Division title and are promoted to the First Division.
81. Promotion: Fans of Leeds United football club have been celebrating their team's promotion to the first division.* relegation See also promote.
82. Division: The division of a large unit into two or more distinct parts is the act of separating it into these parts. ...the unification of Germany, after its division into two states at the end of World War Two. = split
83. Division: The division of something among people or things is its separation into parts which are distributed among the people or things. The current division of labor between workers and management will alter.
84. Division: Division is the arithmetical process of dividing one number into another number. I taught my daughter how to do division at the age of six. * multiplication
